Table 2.
Association of social isolation and loneliness with chronic inflammation markers in total and stratified by gender.
| NLR |
CRP a |
CRP (<3 vs 3–10 mg/l) b |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | 95%CI | P-value | B | 95%CI | P-value | B | 95%CI | P-value | ||
| Total (n = 624) | ||||||||||
| Social isolation | Model 1 | −0.001 | −0.03 to 0.03 | 0.968 | 0.007 | −0.07 to 0.08 | 0.851 | −0.243 | −0.55 to 0.06 | 0.117 |
| Model 2 | −0.004 | −0.03 to 0.02 | 0.769 | 0.010 | −0.05 to 0.07 | 0.771 | ||||
| Model 3 | −0.003 | −0.03 to 0.02 | 0.824 | 0.011 | −0.05 to 0.07 | 0.743 | ||||
| Model 4 | −0.004 | −0.03 to 0.02 | 0.765 | 0.016 | −0.05 to 0.08 | 0.624 | ||||
| Loneliness | Model 1 | 0.006 | −0.001 to 0.01 | 0.077 | −0.002 | −0.02 to 0.02 | 0.811 | −0.043 | −0.14 to 0.05 | 0.359 |
| Model 2 | 0.005 | −0.001 to 0.01 | 0.105 | −0.013 | −0.03 to 0.005 | 0.155 | ||||
| Model 3 | 0.003 | −0.004 to 0.01 | 0.382 | −0.019 | −0.04 to −0.001 | 0.041 | ||||
| Model 4 | 0.003 | −0.004 to 0.01 | 0.364 | −0.019 | −0.04 to −0.001 | 0.039 | ||||
| Men (n = 293) | ||||||||||
| Social isolation | Model 1 | 0.032 | −0.003 to 0.07 | 0.076 | 0.045 | −0.06 to 0.15 | 0.401 | −0.003 | −0.43 to 0.42 | 0.991 |
| Model 2 | 0.023 | −0.01 to 0.06 | 0.201 | 0.049 | −0.04 to 0.14 | 0.289 | ||||
| Model 3 | 0.022 | −0.01 to 0.06 | 0.222 | 0.047 | −0.04 to 0.14 | 0.311 | ||||
| Model 4 | 0.020 | −0.02 to 0.05 | 0.264 | 0.053 | −0.04 to 0.14 | 0.256 | ||||
| Loneliness | Model 1 | 0.009 | 0.001 to 0.02 | 0.031 | −0.003 | −0.03 to 0.02 | 0.855 | −0.077 | −0.20 to 0.04 | 0.212 |
| Model 2 | 0.007 | −0.001 to 0.02 | 0.091 | −0.012 | −0.04 to 0.01 | 0.354 | ||||
| Model 3 | 0.007 | −0.002 to 0.02 | 0.132 | −0.015 | −0.04 to 0.01 | 0.243 | ||||
| Model 4 | 0.006 | −0.002 to 0.01 | 0.156 | −0.016 | −0.04 to 0.01 | 0.208 | ||||
| Women (n = 331) | ||||||||||
| Social isolation | Model 1 | −0.025 | −0.06 to 0.01 | 0.156 | −0.031 | −0.13 to 0.07 | 0.557 | −0.609 | −1.07 to −0.15 | 0.010 |
| Model 2 | −0.025 | −0.06 to 0.01 | 0.146 | −0.020 | −0.11 to 0.07 | 0.674 | ||||
| Model 3 | −0.022 | −0.05 to 0.01 | 0.200 | −0.012 | −0.10 to 0.08 | 0.793 | ||||
| Model 4 | −0.021 | −0.05 to 0.01 | 0.213 | −0.002 | −0.10 to 0.09 | 0.972 | ||||
| Loneliness | Model 1 | 0.000 | −0.01 to 0.01 | 0.945 | −0.005 | −0.03 to 0.02 | 0.722 | −0.005 | −0.14 to 0.13 | 0.946 |
| Model 2 | 0.000 | −0.01 to 0.01 | 0.928 | −0.017 | −0.04 to 0.01 | 0.145 | ||||
| Model 3 | −0.003 | −0.01 to 0.01 | 0.604 | −0.028 | −0.05 to −0.004 | 0.022 | ||||
| Model 4 | −0.002 | −0.01 to 0.01 | 0.696 | −0.028 | −0.05 to −0.004 | 0.024 | ||||
Abbreviations; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; CRP, C-reactive protein.
NLR and continuous CRP were transformed to log scale.
Social isolation score ranged from 0 to 9, and loneliness score ranged from 10 to 40.
Model 1 adjusted for age, gender (only model for all participants) and household socioeconomic status (household income and educational attainment of head of family).
Model 2 adjusted for model 1 + current lifestyle (frequency of exercise, drinking alcohol and smoking), medical history and BMI.
Model 3 adjusted for model 2 + depressive symptoms.
Model 4 adjusted for model 3 + loneliness (model for social isolation) or social isolation (model for loneliness).
The analysis was repeated across imputed datasets and aggregated using the Rubin's rule.
a: 17 and 7 participants were excluded due to missing CRP data and high CRP values (>10 mg/L), respectively.
b: Result for dichotomized CRP adjusted for age, sex and household socioeconomic status due to violation of positivity.