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. 2021 Mar 8;11:158. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01273-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Depicted are four scenarios regarding how abnormal brain development could be a causal factor in patients developing schizophrenia. The four options are described in detail in the text. Options 1–3 have all been outlined previously by others. Option 4 is highly speculative and based largely on observations on dopamine ontogeny in animal models of developmental risk factors for schizophrenia. Thereof course may be many other conceptual models for how abnormal brain development alters brain ontogeny contributing to schizophrenia.