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. 2021 Mar 8;5:18. doi: 10.1038/s41698-021-00154-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — In breast tumor microenvironment, sCD44 and WNT ligand released by breast cancer cells induce secretion of IL-1β from macrophages. In addition, TGF-β produced by breast cancer cells and ATP released from dying tumor cells stimulate IL-1β secretion from dendritic cells, which promotes IL-13 production in CD4⁺ T cells. This promotes breast cancer progression and metastasis.