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. 2021 Mar 8;11:5418. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84123-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Key factors for bone regeneration in the applications of bone grafts in combination with stem cells or their secreted factors. In addition to calcification, components of the extracellular matrix such as glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen play an important role in the healing process. For the functionality of the bone and the viability of the graft, the enabling of cell infiltration and thus vascularization of the construct are also important prerequisites. The selection of an appropriate biomaterial as scaffold is of fundamental relevance, as this must be able the interaction of the key factors mentioned above. When combined with stem cells or their secretomes only, the regeneration is further promoted by paracrine factors.