Table 2.

Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for COVID-19 according to exposure to spironolactone.

	Case (%)	Control (%)	Crude OR (95% CI)	P-value	Adjusted OR* (95% CI)	P-value	Adjusted OR† (95% CI)	P-value
Within 1 year
Total	67 (100)	332 (100)
Without exposure to spironolactone	60 (89.5)	221 (66.6)	1.00		1.00		1.00
Exposure to Spironolactone	7 (10.5)	111 (33.4)	0.19 (0.08–0.47)	0.0003	0.21 (0.08–0.55)	0.001	0.20 (0.07–0.54)	0.002
cDDD for spironolactone
Non-user	60 (89.5)	221 (66.5)	1.00		1.00		1.00
cDDD ≤30	3 (4.5)	51 (15.4)	0.22 (0.07–0.72)	0.01	0.25 (0.08–0.86)	0.03	0.23 (0.07–0.78)	0.02
cDDD >30	4 (6.0)	60 (18.1)	0.25 (0.09–0.70)	0.009	0.32 (0.11–0.93)	0.04	0.30 (0.10–0.89)	0.03
Within 6 months
Total	58 (100)	287 (100)
Without exposure to Spironolactone	52 (89.7)	187 (65.2)	1.00		1.00		1.00
Exposure to Spironolactone	6 (10.3)	100 (34.8)	0.17 (0.06–0.45)	0.0004	0.198 (0.071–0.555)	0.002	0.17 (0.06–0.49)	0.001
cDDD for spironolactone
Non-user	52 (89.6)	187 (65.1)	1.00		1.00		1.00
cDDD ≤30	3 (5.2)	51 (17.8)	0.21 (0.06–0.71)	0.01	0.26 (0.07–0.88)	0.03	0.25 (0.07–0.87)	0.03
cDDD >30	3 (5.2)	49 (17.1)	0.22 (0.07–0.74)	0.01	0.27 (0.08–0.92)	0.04	0.27 (0.08–0.93)	0.04
Within 3 months
Total	49 (100)	245 (100)
Without exposure to Spironolactone	43 (87.8)	156 (63.7)	1.00		1.00		1.00
Exposure to Spironolactone	6 (12.2)	89 (36.3)	0.22 (0.09–0.56)	0.002	0.26 (0.10–0.68)	0.006	0.23 (0.08–0.64)	0.005
cDDD for spironolactone
Non-user	43 (87.8)	156 (63.7)	1.00		1.00		1.00
cDDD ≤30	3 (6.1)	48 (19.6)	0.23 (0.07–0.76)	0.02	0.25 (0.07–0.86)	0.03	0.26 (0.08–0.90)	0.03
cDDD >30	3 (6.1)	41 (16.7)	0.27 (0.08–0.90)	0.03	0.31 (0.09–1.05)	0.06	0.28 (0.08–1.00)	0.05

^*Model 1: adjusted for hypertension, dyslipidemia, and Charlson Comorbidity Index.

^†Model 2: adjusted for decompensated liver cirrhosis, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cancer, lung disease, ESRD with dialysis, and Charlson comorbidity index.

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; cDDD, cumulative defined daily dose.