Table 4.
Unadjusted and Adjusted Hazard Ratios (HR) and (95%CI) of CAC Associated with GD Status and Subsequent Glucose Tolerance Status (normoglycemia, prediabetes or incident diabetes) in Women During Mid-life (1986–2011).
| GD and Glucose Tolerance Groups | % Any CAC | Model 1 HR | Model 2 HR | Model 3 HR | Model 4 HR | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n/N)† | (95%CI) | (95%CI) | (95%CI) | (95%CI) | |||||
| GD Status | |||||||||
| No GD | 15.0 (149/994) | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
| GD | 24.5 (34/139) | 1.85 | (1.28, 2.69) | 1.73 | (1.18, 2.52) | 1.66 | (1.13, 2.43) | 1.66 | (1.13, 2.42) |
| GD Status Stratified by Incident Diabetes | |||||||||
| Incident diabetes | |||||||||
| No GD | 27.0 (24/89) | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
| GD | 25.0 (9/36) | 1.10 | (0.50, 2.42) | 0.97 | (0.43, 2.19) | 1.03 | (0.45, 2.33) | 1.06 | (0.46, 2.44) |
| No diabetes (prediabetes & normoglycemia) | |||||||||
| No GD | 13.8 (125/905) | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
| GD | 24.3 (25/103) | 2.02 | (1.31, 3.11) | 2.01 | (1.30, 3.09) | 1.95 | (1.27, 3.01) | 1.96 | (1.27, 3.02) |
| GD and Subsequent Glucose Tolerance | |||||||||
| No GD/Normoglycemia | 12.9 (72/557) | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
| No GD/Prediabetes | 15.2 (53/348) | 1.69 | (1.17, 2.46) | 1.54 | (1.06, 2.24) | 1.50 | (1.03, 2.17) | 1.52 | (1.04, 2.22) |
| No GD/Incident diabetes | 27.0 (24/89) | 2.68 | (1.62, 4.44) | 2.17 | (1.30, 3.62) | 1.79 | (1.06, 3.01) | 1.82 | (1.08, 3.09) |
| GD/Normoglycemia | 28.3 (15/53) | 2.30 | (1.32, 4.02) | 2.34 | (1.34, 4.09) | 2.24 | (1.28, 3.92) | 2.25 | (1.29, 3.94) |
| GD/Prediabetes | 20.0 (10/50) | 2.46 | (1.26, 4.78) | 2.13 | (1.09, 4.17) | 2.08 | (1.06, 4.07) | 2.11 | (1.07, 4.14) |
| GD/Incident diabetes | 25.0 (9/36) | 2.65 | (1.31, 5.37) | 2.02 | (0.98, 4.19) | 1.76 | (0.85, 3.67) | 1.76 | (0.84, 3.66) |
Model 1: adjusted for race, age at the first birth and pre-pregnancy systolic BP.
Model 2: Model 1 + adjusted for pre-pregnancy BMI and time-varying lifetime smoking exposure (pack-years). (Fully adjusted model)
Model 3: Model 2 + adjusted for time-varying hypertension during follow up (intervening variable).
Model 4: Model 3 + adjusted for time-varying BMI change during follow up (intervening variable).
n = number of women with Any CAC, and N = number of women within the group strata.
†
At the end of follow up