Table 1.
Characteristics of participating children according to IA and type 1 diabetes development
| Characteristic | IAa (n=305) | No IA (n=1844) | HR (95% CI) | Type 1 diabetes (n=172) | No type 1 diabetes (n=1977) | HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at first autoantibody-positive visit/diagnosis of type 1 diabetes or most recent visit (months)b | 36.4 (17.8–64.3) | 120.0 (119.4–120.0) | 71.5 (35.1–108.6) | 142.3 (127.0–155.2) | ||
| Country regionsc | ||||||
| Northern Europe | 77 (25.3) | 478 (25.9) | 49 (28.5) | 506 (25.6) | ||
| Central Europe I | 42 (13.8) | 237 (12.9) | 20 (11.6) | 259 (13.1) | ||
| Central Europe II | 32 (10.5) | 153 (8.3) | 12 (7.0) | 173 (8.8) | ||
| Southern Europe | 11 (3.6) | 101 (5.5) | 6(3.5) | 106 (5.4) | ||
| USA | 50 (16.4) | 343 (18.6) | 32 (18.6) | 361 (18.3) | ||
| Canada | 83 (27.2) | 441 (23.9) | 45 (26.2) | 479 (24.2) | ||
| Australia | 10 (3.3) | 91 (4.9) | 8 (4.7) | 93 (4.7) | ||
| Maternal type 1 diabetesc | 131 (43.0) | 976 (52.9) | 0.71 (0.55, 0.91) | 69 (40.1) | 1038 (52.5) | 0.67 (0.48, 0.94) |
| HLAc | ||||||
| HLA-DQB1*0302/DQB1*02 | 117 (38.4) | 398 (21.6) | 1 | 73 (42.4) | 442 (22.4) | 1 |
| HLA-DQB1*0302/x | 123 (40.3) | 824 (44.7) | 0.54 (0.42, 0.69) | 63 (36.6) | 884 (44.7) | 0.45 (0.32, 0.63) |
| HLA-DQA1*05-DQB1 *02/y or HLA- DQA1 *03-DQB1*02/y | 65 (21.3) | 622 (33.7) | 0.38 (0.28, 0.52) | 36 (20.9) | 651 (32.9) | 0.36 (0.24, 0.53) |
| Sex (female)c | 136 (44.6) | 879 (47.7) | 0.87 (0.70, 1.10) | 81 (47.1) | 934 (47.2) | 0.93 (0.69, 1.26) |
| Birthweight z scorec | 1.02 (0.30) | 1.07 (0.29) | 0.95 (0.82, 1.09) | 0.98 (0.26) | 1.07 (0.29) | 0.95 (0.78, 1.14) |
| Birth length z scorec | 1.01 (0.58) | 0.98 (0.48) | 1.12 (0.97, 1.30) | 0.93 (0.51) | 0.99 (0.49) | 1.05 (0.86, 1.28) |
| Mode of deliveryc | ||||||
| Vaginal delivery | 174 (57.1) | 1037 (56.2) | 1 | 104 (60.5) | 1107 (56.0) | 1 |
| Caesarean section | 131 (43.0) | 807 (43.8) | 1.20 (0.94, 1.54) | 68 (39.5) | 870 (44.0) | 1.07 (0.77, 1.50) |
| Breastfeeding duration ≥6 monthsc | 190 (62.3) | 1025 (55.6) | 1.10 (0.87, 1.39) | 109 (63.4) | 1106 (55.9) | 1.18 (0.86, 1.63) |
HRs based on models adjusted for birthweight z score, birth length/height z score, sex, HLA risk, maternal type 1 diabetes status, mode of delivery and breastfeeding duration, and stratified by region of residence (Northern Europe: Finland, Sweden; Central Europe I: Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland; Central Europe II: Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland; Southern Europe: Italy, Spain)
a
Antibodies include IAA, IA-2A, GADA and ZnT8A
b
Median (IQR)
c
n (%)