Fig. 1. Decision tree for remote exercise-based treatment options.

The figure shows the various needs of PD patients and their respective telemedical solution. White boxes: patient’s needs. Green boxes: online resources. Blue boxes: mobile applications. Virtual reality: patient-controlled avatar performs playful exercises to train balance, gait, or fine motor skills using motion sensors (either hand-held, body-mounted, or via a pressure-sensitive platform) and a headset or screen^76,77. Exergaming: videogames demanding physical participation designed to improve motor skills^58,59. 1:1 personal session: live therapeutic session with trainer or therapist via internet-based video calls^55–61. Self-help groups and podcasts: motivational community resources on social media^85–89. Exercise classes: web-based exercise options delivered by experts^72–75. Training plans: downloadable plans for individual use^90–92. Motivational apps: encouragement to stay active by donating to PD research (Charity Miles¹⁰⁴, Parkinson’s Moving Day¹⁰⁵). Traditional exercise: combination of motor, speech, and dexterity exercises (9zest Parkinson’s Therapy & Exercises¹¹⁰, Parkinson Exercises Mobile¹¹¹, PD Warrior¹¹², Beats Medical Parkinsons Treat¹⁰⁹). Alternative exercise: yoga postures potentially beneficial for postural control and against rigidity (Yoga against Parkinson’s¹¹³). Speech: speech exercises for correction of hypophonia (Voice analyst¹¹⁴). Symptom-tracking: symptom tracking apps to monitor treatment response and optimize care by generating reports for discussion with physician and/ or physical therapist (Parkinson mPower 2¹⁰⁷, APDA Symptom tracker¹⁰⁶, uMotif^94,108). Options with scientific evidence of feasibility and/ or effectiveness are indicated by an asterisk*.