Table 3.
Comparison of clinical data between higher hypothenar eminence temperature and lower hypothenar eminence temperature in women with fibromyalgia (cases) and healthy women (controls).
| Cases (n = 80) |
Controls (n = 80) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low thenar temperature °C (n = 40) | High thenar temperature °C (n = 40) | MD between groups | Low thenar temperature °C (n = 40) | High thenar temperature °C (n = 40) | MD between groups | ||
| VAS (mm) | 69.00 ± 22.28 (61.87, 76.13) | 77.50 ± 12.76 (73.42, 81.58) | −8.500* (−16.62, 0.38) | 16.00 ± 23.51 (8.48, 23.52) | 23.08 ± 28.29 (13.90, 32.25) | −7.077 (−18.72, 4.56) | |
| FIQ-R total score | 71.77 ± 18.42 (65.87, 77.65) | 70.14 ± 14.86 (65.39, 74.89) | 1.625 (−5.83, 9.07) | – | – | – | |
| CSS | 67.50 ± 12.51 (63.50, 71.50) | 67.95 ± 10.72 (64.52, 71.38) | −0.450 (−5.64, 4.74) | 27.43 ± 15.70 (22.40, 32.45) | 28.55 ± 15.37 (23.63, 33.47) | −1.125 (−8.04, 5.79) | |
| Sleep Questionnaire Index | |||||||
| Sleep quality | 2.28 ± 0.72 (2.05, 2.50) | 2.13 ± 0.86 (1.85, 2.41) | 0.147 (−0.21, 0.50) | 1.20 ± 0.91 (0.91, 1.49) | 1.30 ± 0.88 (1.02, 1.58) | −0.100 (−0.50, 0.30) | |
| Sleep latency | 2.40 ± 0.78 (2.15, 2.65) | 2.26 ± 0.92 (1.96, 2.57) | 0.137 (−0.25, 0.52) | 1.23 ± 1.16 (0.85, 1.60) | 1.40 ± 1.06 (1.0, 1.74) | −0.175 (−0.67, 0.32) | |
| Sleep duration | 2.13 ± 0.96 (1.81, 2.45) | 2.00 ± 0.91 (1.70, 2.30) | 0.132 (−0.30, 0.56) | 0.83 ± 1.03 (0.49, 1.16) | 0.90 ± 1.15 (0.53, 1.27) | −0.075 (−0.56, 0.41) | |
| Habitual sleep efficiency | 1.95 ± 1.13 (1.57, 2.32) | 2.03 ± 1.13 (1.64, 2.41) | −0.082 (−0.61, 0.47) | 0.65 ± 1.10 (0.30, 1.00) | 0.85 ± 1.25 (0.45, 1.25) | −0.200 (−0.72, 0.32) | |
| Sleep disturbances | 2.30 ± 0.52 (2.13, 2.47) | 2.24 ± 0.49 (2.08, 2.40) | 0.063 (−0.16, 0.29) | 1.43 ± 0.59 (1.23, 1.62) | 1.45 ± 0.60 (1.26, 1.64) | −0.025 (−0.29, 0.24) | |
| Sleeping medication | 2.33 ± 1.16 (1.95, 2.70) | 1.82 ± 1.39 (1.37, 2.27) | 0.504 (−0.07, 1.08) | 0.65 ± 1.14 (0.28, 1.02) | 0.78 ± 1.21 (0.39, 1.16) | −0.125 (−0.65, 0.40) | |
| Daytime dysfunction | 2.28 ± 0.78 (2.02, 2.53) | 2.13 ± 0.80 (1.87, 2.39) | 0.147 (−0.21, 0.50) | 0.70 ± 0.72 (0.47, 0.93) | 0.78 ± 0.97 (0.46, 1.09) | −0.075 (−0.46, 0.31) | |
| Global score | 15.57 ± 3.55 (14.38, 1675) | 14.83 ± 4.08 (13.45, 16.22) | 0.734 (−1.05, 2.52) | 6.68 ± 4.47 (5.24, 8.11) | 7.45 ± 5.12 (5.81, 9.09) | −0.775 (−2.91, 1.36) | |
| Fatigue | |||||||
| MFI general fatigue | 18.05 ± 2.64 (17.21, 18.89) | 18.28 ± 2.06 (17.62, 18.93) | −0.225 (−1.28, 0.83) | 10.53 ± 4.93 (8.95, 12.10) | 9.68 ± 4.35 (8.28, 11.07) | 0.850 (−1.22, 2.92) | |
| MFI physical fatigue | 16.70 ± 2.87 (15.78, 17.62) | 16.68 ± 2.77 (15.79, 17.56) | 0.025 (−1.23, 1.28) | 10.13 ± 4.88 (8.56, 11.69) | 9.30 ± 4.35 (7.91, 10.69) | 0.825 (−1.23, 2.88) | |
| MFI mental fatigue | 15.18 ± 1.89 (14.57, 15.78) | 15.15 ± 1.56 (14.65, 15.65) | 0.025 (−0.75, 0.79) | 12.08 ± 3.12 (11.08, 13.07) | 11.80 ± 3.19 (10.78, 12.82) | 0.275 (−1.13, 1.68) | |
| MFI reduced activity | 15.65 ± 4.01 (14.37, 16.93) | 14.93 ± 3.42 (13.83, 16.02) | 0.725 (−0.93, 2.83) | 8.65 ± 4.54 (7.20, 10.10) | 7.65 ± 3.91 (6.40, 8.90) | 1.000 (−0.88, 2.88) | |
| MFI reduced motivation | 14.28 ± 3.34 (13.21, 15.34) | 14.35 ± 3.38 (13.27, 15.43) | −0.075 (−1.57, 1.42) | 7.98 ± 3.59 (6.83, 9.12) | 7.25 ± 3.50 (6.13, 8.37) | 0.725 (−0.85, 2.30) | |
| Anxiety | 32.40 ± 11.23 (28.81, 35.99) | 31.88 ± 8.42 (29.18, 34.57) | 0.525 (−3.89, 4.94) | 12.78 ± 11.97 (8.95, 16.60) | 11.13 ± 9.97 (7.89, 14.36) | 1.647 (−3.30, 6.58) | |
| Pain pressure thresholds | |||||||
| Occipital | D | 1.06 ± 0.84 (0.78, 1.33) | 0.86 ± 0.57 (0.67, 1.03) | 0.199 (−0.12, 0.52) | 3.39 ± 1.54 (2.91, 3.88) | 3.18 ± 1.23 (2.78, 3.57) | 0.213 (−0.41, 0.84) |
| ND | 0.93 ± 0.78 (0.68, 1.18) | 0.85 ± 0.57 (0.66, 1.03) | 0.085 (−0.22, 0.39) | 3.13 ± 1.46 (2.66, 3.60) | 3.06 ± 1.08 (2.70, 3.41) | 0.068 (−0.51, 0.65) | |
| Pain pressure thresholds | |||||||
| Cervical Low | D | 1.14 ± 0.83 (0.87, 1.41) | 1.07 ± 0.71 (0.84, 1.30) | 0.072 (−0.27, 0.42) | 3.13 ± 1.98 (2.49, 3.76) | 3.02 ± 1.66 (2.48, 3.55) | 0.108 (−0.71, 0.93) |
| ND | 1.04 ± 0.69 (0.82, 1.267) | 1.09 ± 0.84 (0.82, 1.35) | −0.045 (−0.38, 0.30) | 3.23 ± 2.22 (2.51, 3.93) | 2.99 ± 1.90 (2.38, 3.61) | 0.226 (−0.69, 1.16) | |
| Trapezium | D | 1.11 ± 0.77 (0.86, 1.36) | 0.95 ± 0.66 (0.74, 1.16) | 0.155 (−0.16, 0.48) | 3.01 ± 1.12 (2.65, 3.37) | 3.17 ± 1.67 (2.63, 3.72) | −0.166 (−0.80, 0.47) |
| ND | 1.02 ± 0.67 (0.80, 1.24) | 0.96 ± 0.57 (0.77, 1.14) | 0.062 (−0.22, 0.34) | 3.13 ± 1.75 (2.49, 3.76) | 3.33 ± 1.73 (2.77, 3.89) | −0.022 (−0.81, 0.47) | |
| Supraspinatus | D | 1.28 ± 0.86 (1.01, 1.23) | 1.26 ± 0.75 (1.02, 1.49) | 0.020 (−0.34, 0.38) | 3.55 ± 2.00 (2.90, 4.19) | 3.67 ± 1.88 (3.06, 4.27) | −0.124 (−0.99, 0.75) |
| ND | 1.26 ± 0.77 (1.01, 1.56) | 1.28 ± 0.70 (1.06, 1.51) | −0.032 (−0.36, 0.29) | 3.76 ± 2.11 (3.08, 4.43) | 3.39 ± 1.66 (2.85, 3.93) | 0.368 (−0.48, 1.22) | |
| Second rib | D | 0.94 ± 0.51 (0.77, 1.10) | 0.87 ± 0.47 (0.72, 1.02) | 0.063 (−0.16, 0.28) | 2.52 ± 1.33 (2.09, 2.94) | 2.29 ± 1.23 (1.90, 2.69) | 0.216 (−0.36, 0.79) |
| ND | 0.95 ± 0.51 (0.77, 1.10) | 0.81 ± 0.42 (0.67, 0.94) | 0.134 (−0.07, 0.34) | 2.57 ± 1.23 (2.17, 2.96) | 2.42 ± 1.11 (2.06, 2.77) | 0.150 (−0.37, 0.67) | |
| Epicondyle | D | 0.96 ± 0.55 (0.79, 1.14) | 0.97 ± 0.57 (0.78, 1.15) | −0.002 (−0.25, 0.25) | 3.17 ± 1.37 (2.73, 3.60) | 3.19 ± 1.58 (2.67, 3.69) | −0.020 (−0.68, 0.64) |
| ND | 1.01 ± 0.65 (0.81, 1.22) | 0.96 ± 0.52 (0.79, 1.12) | 0.053 (−0.21, 0.32) | 3.52 ± 1.57 (3.02, 4.03) | 3.16 ± 1.43 (2.70, 3.63) | 0.357 (−0.32, 1.03) | |
| Second metacarpal | D | 1.23 ± 0.93 (0.93, 1.53) | 1.23 ± 0.66 (1.02, 1.44) | 0.006 (−0.35, 0.36) | 2.90 ± 1.46 (2.44, 3.37) | 3.42 ± 1.46 (2.95, 3.90) | −0.516 (−1.17, 0.14) |
| ND | 1.12 ± 0.75 (0.88, 1.36) | 1.11 ± 0.54 (0.93, 1.28) | 0.012 (−0.28, 0.31) | 3.26 ± 1.93 (2.65, 3.88) | 3.18 ± 1.66 (2.64, 3.72) | 0.092 (−0.71, 0.89) | |
| Gluteal muscle | D | 2.02 ± 1.74 (1.46, 2.57) | 1.97 ± 1.41 (1.52, 2.42) | 0.038 (−0.66, 0.74) | 6.20 ± 2.74 (5.33, 7.07) | 6.19 ± 2.47 (5.39, 6.70) | 0.006 (−1.16, 1.17) |
| ND | 1.85 ± 1.28 (1.44, 2.26) | 1.93 ± 1.27 (1.52, 2.34) | −0.085 (−0.65, 0.48) | 6.23 ± 2.68 (5.37, 7.08) | 6.03 ± 2.31 (5.29, 6.78) | 0.196 (−0.92, 1.32) | |
| Greater trochanter | D | 1.93 ± 1.11 (1.57, 2.28) | 2.26 ± 1.26 (1.85, 2.66) | −0.330 (−0.86, 0.20) | 5.88 ± 2.44 (5.10, 6.66) | 5.94 ± 2.39 (5.17, 6.72) | −0.061 (−1.14, 1.02) |
| ND | 1.93 ± 1.06 (1.59, 2.27) | 2.26 ± 1.16 (1.88, 2.62) | −0.319 (−0.81, 0.17) | 5.45 ± 2.38 (4.68, 6.21) | 5.52 ± 2.43 (4.73, 6.31) | −0.072 (−1.15, 1.01) | |
| Knee | D | 1.72 ± 1.29 (1.31, 2.14) | 1.68 ± 1.19 (1.29, 2.06) | 0.045 (−0.51, 0.59) | 5.65 ± 2.53 (4.84, 6.46) | 5.16 ± 2.07 (4.48, 5.83) | 0.500 (−0.53, 1.54) |
| ND | 1.81 ± 1.14 (1.4, 2.17) | 1.92 ± 1.32 (1.49, 2.33) | −0.108 (−0.65, 0.44) | 6.07 ± 2.69 (5.21, 6.93) | 5.32 ± 2.24 (4.59, 6.05) | 0.755 (−0.35, 1.87) | |
| Anterior tibial | D | 1.88 ± 1.43 (1.43, 2.33) | 1.85 ± 1.38 (1.40, 2.28) | 0.038 (−0.59, 0.66) | 5.05 ± 2.47 (4.26, 5.84) | 5.12 ± 2.50 (4.31, 5.93) | −0.073 (−1.18, 1.04) |
| ND | 1.83 ± 1.25 (1.43, 2.23) | 1.81 ± 1.12 (1.44, 2.16) | 0.030 (−0.50, 0.56) | 5.02 ± 2.26 (4.29, 5.74) | 5.05 ± 2.50 (4.24, 5.86) | −0.032 (−1.09, 1.03) | |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (95% confidence interval).
*
Significant differences between cases and controls (two-way analysis of covariance).
CSS, central sensitization syndrome; D, dominant; FIQ-R, revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire; FIQ-R.1, activity level of the FIQ; FIQ-R.2, overall impact of the FIQ-R; FIQ-R.3, intensity of symptoms of the FIQ-R; MD, difference in means; MFI, Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory; ND, non-dominant; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.