Table 2.
Summary of positive regulators of pituitary GH: Neuropeptides.
| Neuropeptides | Groups | Roles | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cholecystokinin (CCK) | Fish | ↑ GH secretion directly and indirectly (by reducing somatostatin) in goldfish | (123–125) |
| Mammals | ↑ in vitro GH secretion in rat | (126) | |
| ↓ GH in vivo in sheep | Table 4 | ||
| Activin | Fish | ↑ GH release in perifused pituitary fragments of goldfish | (127) |
| ↓ GH mRNA in zebrafish | Table 4 | ||
| Mammals | ↑ GH mRNA and secretion in rat, with exceptions | (128), Table 4 | |
| Adropin | Fish | ↑ GH mRNA in pituitary cells of tilapia | (129) |
| Kisspeptin | Fish | ↑ GH secretion in pituitary cells from goldfish | (130, 131) |
| Mammals | ↑ GH secretion in peripubertal rats | (132) | |
| ↑ GH secretion in fasted sheep (ghrelin–NPY dependent), but could also ↓ it | (133), Table 4 | ||
| Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGFs) | Mammals | ↑ GH secretion in rat pituitaries and human adenoma cultures | (134) |
| Chemokine derived factor 1 (SDF1, aka CXCL12) | Mammals | ↑ GH mRNA and secretion in rat | (135, 136) |
| Endothelins | Mammals | ↑ GH secretion – ghrelin dependent– in bovine | (137, 138) |
| Galanin | Fish | ↑ GH release in vivo or in vitro in coho salmon and goldfish | (139) |
| Birds | ↑ GH secretion acting directly on the pituitary | (140) | |
| Mammals | ↑ GH release directly and indirectly | (141–145) | |
| LH | Fish | Essential for GH synthesis and release in grass carp | (50, 146) |