Table 3.

Summary of positive regulators of pituitary GH: Peripheral factors/other factors.

Neuropeptides	Groups	Roles	References
Leptin	Fish	↓ GH mRNA	Table 4
	Mammals	↑ GH secretion directly and indirectly (i.e. somatostatin) in pig perifused pituitaries	(147, 148)
		↑ GH secretion in sheep	(149)
		↑ GH secretion in anterior pituitary explants of fasted bovids	(150)
		The lack of leptin receptor ↓ both GH mRNA and protein in mice	(151)
		Administration ↑ increases pituitary GH content in leptin–deficient obese mice model	(152)
Klotho	Mammals	↑ GH secretion in vitro and in vitro in rodents, and in human GH–secreting adenomas	(134)
Atrial and ventricular natriuretic peptides	Fish	↑ GH release in tilapia cultured pituitaries	(153)