Table 1. Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Study | Country | Study design | Respondent | Quality score | VR | Traditional education | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Event | Total | Event | Total | ||||||
| Jung et al. [2012] (19) | Korea | Case-control study | Freshmen | 5 | 23 | 38 | 18 | 38 | |
| Real et al. [2017] (22) | America | Case-control study | Postgraduate | 6 | 171 | 237 | 139 | 221 | |
| Hashimoto et al. [2018] (18) | America | Case-control study | Hospital resident | 5 | 14 | 14 | 8 | 13 | |
| Yoganathan et al. [2018] (10) | England | Case-control study | Postgraduate | 5 | 17 | 20 | 12 | 20 | |
| Maytin et al. [2015] (20) | America | Case-control study | Hospital resident | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | |
| 3 | 4 | 0 | 4 | ||||||
| Park et al. [2007] (21) | Canada | Case-control study | Postgraduate | 4 | 1 | 12 | 0 | 12 | |
VR, virtual reality.