Fig. 4.

Enhanced aldehyde dehydrogenase expressions in the liver with 1,3PDO and 3HP. (A) Schematics show metabolic processes involved in the production of 3HP. 3HP can be produced from acetyl-CoA through acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). The lack of propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC) accumulates propionyl-CoA, which leads to 3HP and propionic acid production. Glycerol dehydrogenase converts glycerol to 3HPA that is further metabolized to 3HP via aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). (B) A graph shows mRNA expressions of enzymes associated with 3HP production. Two isoforms of ALDH (ALDH3A2 and ALDH7A1) were increased in the liver with 1,3PDO and 3HP, but ACC and PCC remained unchanged. Abbreviations: 3HPA, 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde; ∗, p < 0.05; n = 2 in each group.