Table 3.
Overview of studies characteristics.
| References | n | Sex | Population | Location | Reported ethnic group | Age range | Age group | Social Support measures | Cognition measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seeman et al. (2001) | 1,145 | ♂: 45% ♀: 55% |
No clinic | United States | African American: 20% White: 80% |
70–79 M: 74 SD: 2.7 |
Older adults | MAB | 18I-BNT; 4I-WAIS-R |
| Yeh and Liu (2003) | 4,989 | ♂: 53% ♀: 47% |
No clinic | Taiwan | NR | ≥65 M: 73 SD: 5.49 |
Older adults | No, series of questions | SPMSQ |
| Whitfield and Wiggins (2003) | 249 | ♂: 38% ♀: 62% |
No clinic | United States | African American | 47–91 M: 67.8 SD: 8.47 |
Older adults | NSBA | EPT |
| Slykerman et al. (2005) | 550 | NR | No clinic | New Zealand | NR | 3 1/2 | Children's | FSS | SBIS-4E |
| Dickinson et al. (2011) | 213 | ♂ D: 44% ♀ D: 56% ♂ ND: 30% ♀ ND: 70% |
Depressed (D) Non depressed (ND) |
United States | Caucasian: 88.26% NR: 12% |
≥60 D: M: 68.69 ND: M: 70.46 |
Older adults | DSSI | CERAD: MMSE, LT, CP, VLM; LM-WMS-R; WAIS-R: TMT-A, TMT-B, SDMT, DSF; DSB; ADS; DOT |
| Sims et al. (2011) | 139 | ♂: 48% ♀: 52% |
No clinic | United States | African American | M: 46 SD: 11.56 |
Middle-aged | ISEL | WCST; SC-WT |
| Zhu et al. (2012) | 120 | ♂: 63% ♀: 37% |
No clinic | China | NR | 60 to >80 M: 71 |
Older adults | MSPSS | MMSE |
| Zuelsdorff et al. (2013) | 623 | ♂: 29% ♀: 71% |
No clinic | United States | NR | 40–73 M: 56.7 SD: 6.5 |
Middle-aged Older adults |
MOS | RAVLT; WAIS-III: DF, DB, LNS, TA, TB, SC-WT |
| Ellwardt et al. (2013) | 2,255 | ♂: 46% ♀: 54% |
No clinic | Netherlands | NR | 55–85 M: 63.45 SD: 6.65 |
Older adults | No, series of questions | MMSE; RCPM |
| Tanzer et al. (2013) | 142 | ♀: 100% | No clinic | Israel | NR | 19–26 M: 23.22 SD: 1.31 |
Young adults | NRI | CT |
| Ayotte et al. (2013) | 602 | ♂: 25% ♀: 75% |
No clinic | NR | African American | 48–90 M: 69 SD: 9.74 |
Older adults | Two scales based on the NSBA | HVLT; RAVLT; IRT; AST; BDST; OST; SILVMT; II-IV-ETS-VT; NCT; DST; IPT; SILSAT; LST* |
| Sims et al. (2014) | 175 | ♂: 55% ♀: 45% |
No clinic | United States | White: 87.7% African american: 9.9% Other: 2.4% |
54–83 M: 66 SD: 6.92 |
Older adults | ISEL | SC-WT; JLO; WAIS-R: BD, DSF, DSB, VSF, VSB; WMS-R: VR-I, VR-II, LM-I, LM-II; TT |
| Pillemer and Holtzer (2015) | 355 | ♂: 45% ♀: 55% |
No clinic | United States | Caucasian: 87.3% NR: 13% |
65–95 M: 77 SD: 6.94 |
Older adults | MOS-SSS | RBANS |
| Yilmaz et al. (2015) | 121 | ♂: 43% ♀: 57% |
Diabete mellitus | Turkey | NR | 18–75 M: 57 |
Young adults Adults Older adults |
MSPSS | SMMSE |
| Kats et al. (2016) | 13,119 | ♂: 44% ♀: 56% |
Atherosclerosis risk | United States | NR | 45–64 | Middle-aged Older adults |
ISEL-SF; LSNS | DSST; DWRT; WFT |
| Liao et al. (2016) | 6,863 | ♂: 71% ♀: 29% |
NR | England | White: 92.3% NR: 8% |
M: 55.8 SD: 6.03 |
Older adults | CPQ | AH4-I; PVF; SVF; 20-WAL |
| Frith and Loprinzi (2017) | 1,874 | ♂: 41% ♀: 59% |
No clinic | United States | Hispanic white: 83.4% NR: 17% |
60–85 M: 70 |
Older adults | No, series of questions | DSST |
| La Fleur and Salthouse (2017) | 2,613 | ♂ y: 34% ♂ a: 28% ♂ o: 37% ♀ y: 66% ♀ a: 72% ♀ o: 63% |
No clinic | United States | NR | 18–99 | Young adults (y) Adults (a) Older adults (o) |
SNQ | WAIS; PNT; MCSAT; LPCT; DST; LST; SA; MR; FBT; PFT; SRT; LMT; FRT; PAT |
| Zuelsdorff et al. (2017) | 1,052 | ♂: 31% ♀: 69% |
No clinic | United States | White: 95% Non-white: 5% |
40–78 M: 60 |
Middle-aged Older adults |
MOS | RAVLT; BVMT-R; TMT-A; TMT-B; SC-WT; WAIS-III: DSF, DSB, LNS |
| Ge et al. (2017) | 3,159 | ♂: 41% ♀: 59% |
NR | United States (chinesepopulation) | NR | 60–105 M: 73 SD: 8.3 |
Older adults | HRS | EBMT; BDST; SDMT |
| Zamora-Macorra et al. (2017) | 2,211 | ♂: 46% ♀: 54% |
NR | Mexico | NR | >50 M: 62 SD: 9.9 |
Adults Older adults |
SNI; SCI; TI | MWS; VF; CERAD |
| Wang et al. (2017) | 173 | ♂: 48% ♀: 52% |
Peritoneal dialysis | China | NR | M: 55.5 SD: 12.2 |
Middle-aged Older adults |
SSRS | 3MS |
NR, Not reported; M, Mean; SD, Standard Deviation; *, Homonyms but different instruments; For acronym's meanings, see section List of Nomenclatures.