FIGURE 3.

Injury models utilized by fruit fly TBI model. (A) High‐impact trauma (HIT) achieved by releasing spring attached with a vial of flies to rapidly contact the polyurethane pad, (B) Fruit flies in the mesh fixture were exposed to free‐field blast released from the compression chamber, (C) Restrained fruit flies with only the head portion exposed were impacted with solenoid recoiled brass block to achieve closed head injury, and (D) Omni Bead Ruptor‐24 Homogenizer Device with pre‐programmed shaking conditions used to deliver TBI in fruit flies contained in vials