TABLE 2.

The function and mechanisms of tsRNAs in various diseases

Disease	tsRNAs	Expression	Target	Cell function	Disease model	Ref.
Colorectal cancer	tRF/miR‐1280	Downregulated	JAG2	Suppress CSC phenotypes and reduce cell proliferation	Athymic nude mice model of colorectal cancer xenograft with HCT116 cell	70
Breast cancer	5′‐tiRNAVal	Downregulated	FZD3	Reduce cell proliferation, migration and invasion	NA	85
Gastric cancer	tiRNA‐5034‐GluTTC‐2	Downregulated	NA	Suppress cell proliferation and invasion	NA	89
Lung cancer/ leukaemia	ts‐3676 ts‐4521	Downregulated	Piwil2	Suppress cell proliferation	NA	114
Prostate cancer	tRF‐1001	Upregulated	NA	Promote cell viability and cell proliferation	NA	23
Metabolic disease	tRFGly tRF‐Pro	Upregulated	NA	Influence the offspring cognition and hippocampal neurogenesis	Mice exercise model with a running wheel	93
Metabolic disease	tRFGly‐GCC	Upregulated	MERVL	Repress MERVL target genes in 2‐cell embryos	Mice fed with low protein diet	94
Metabolic disease	tiRNAs	Upregulated	NA	Affect metabolic gene expression through embryo to adulthood in the islet of F1 offspring	Paternal high‐fat diet (HFD) mouse models	87
Neurological diseases	3′tiRNA‐Gly‐CCC	Upregulated	NSun2 (upstream)	Reduce cell size and increased apoptosis of neurons	NSun2‐deficient mice	97
Spinal cord injury	tiRNA‐Gly‐GCC‐001	Upregulated	BDNF	Reduce cell survival under oxidative stress	Mice underwent laminectomy and contusion	103
RSV infection	tRF5‐ GluCTC	Upregulated	APOER2	Promote RSV replication in cells	NA	84
Spotted fever group rickettsioses	tRF5‐ValGTG	Upregulated	NA	Regulate endothelial cell proliferation, barrier function, autophagy and apoptosis	C3H/HeN mice infected with R. conorii	105

Abbreviation: NA, not acquired.