Table 4.
Predictors of insufficient long-lasting insecticidal net ownership (< 1 net for every two people) among households that own at least one net, lowland sites
| Ownership ratio | ORs predicting insufficient number of nets | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total, n | Insufficient, n (%) | Sufficient, n (%)* | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) (for hh size) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) (full model) | |
| Households with 3+ members† | 295 | 149 (50.5%) | 146 (49.5%) | |||
| Household member composition | ||||||
| Number of household members, mean (range) | 4.29 (3–9) | 4.60 (3–9) | 3.97 (3–7) | 1.48 (1.22–1.78) | ||
| 3–4 | 188 | 71 (37.8%) | 117 (62.2%) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 5–6 | 84 | 57 (67.9%) | 27 (32.1%) | 3.68 (2.20–6.18) | 3.68 (2.20–6.18) | 3.42 (1.93–6.07) |
| > 6 | 23 | 21 (91.3%) | 2 (8.7%) | 8.20 (4.12–16.36) | 8.20 (4.12–16.36) | 14.47 (3.19–65.74) |
| Child younger than 5 years living in house | ||||||
| No | 130 | 45 (34.6%) | 85 (65.4%) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Yes | 165 | 104 (63.0%) | 61 (37.0%) | 3.22 (1.99–5.20) | 2.65 (1.60–4.40) | 2.89 (1.71–4.89) |
| School-aged child (5–15 years) living in house | ||||||
| No | 77 | 37 (48.1%) | 40 (52.0%) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 218 | 112 (51.4%) | 106 (48.6%) | 1.14 (0.68–1.92) | 0.67 (0.38–1.19) | |
| Perceived malaria severity‡ | ||||||
| Low | 37 | 15 (40.5%) | 22 (59.5%) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Moderate | 111 | 66 (59.5%) | 45 (40.5%) | 2.15 (1.01–4.59) | 1.95 (0.87–4.36) | |
| High | 145 | 67 (46.2%) | 78 (53.8%) | 1.26 (0.61–2.62) | 1.19 (0.54–2.60) | |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||
| Asset ownership quartile | ||||||
| Low | 50 | 27 (54.0%) | 23 (46.0%) | 1.26 (0.65–2.47) | 1.12 (0.55–2.30) | |
| Second | 51 | 25 (49.0%) | 26 (51.0%) | 1.03 (0.53–2.01) | 1.07 (0.53–2.16) | |
| Third | 84 | 44 (52.4%) | 40 (47.6%) | 1.18 (0.67–2.09) | 1.09 (0.59–2.00) | |
| High | 110 | 53 (48.2%) | 57 (51.8%) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Education of the female head of household | ||||||
| None or some primary | 118 | 52 (44.1%) | 66 (55.9%) | 1.05 (0.46–2.41) | 0.99 (0.41–2.43) | |
| Completed primary but not secondary | 143 | 81 (56.6%) | 62 (43.4%) | 1.74 (0.77–3.95) | 1.73 (0.72–4.16) | |
| Completed secondary | 28 | 12 (42.9%) | 16 (57.1%) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| No female head or other education | 2 | 1 (50.0%) | 1 (50.0%) | 1.33 (0.08–23.54) | 2.18 (0.12–39.26) | |
| Main building quality§ | ||||||
| Low | 112 | 65 (58.0%) | 47 (42.0%) | 2.21 (1.05–4.67) | 2.65 (1.18–5.97) | 2.82 (1.22–6.51) |
| Moderate | 137 | 65 (47.4%) | 72 (52.6%) | 1.44 (0.70–2.99) | 1.54 (0.70–3.39) | 1.69 (0.75–3.84) |
| High | 39 | 15 (38.5%) | 24 (61.5%) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
OR = odds ratio. Bolded values were statistically significant at P < 0.05.
* Sufficient net ownership was defined as having at least one bed net for every two household members.
† Table excludes 268 households with only one to two members, as these households inherently had sufficient net ownership by owning one.
‡ The respondent to the household questionnaire (typically the female head of household) was asked to rank malaria both as a problem for their family and for their community on a scale of 1–5 (with 1 being “not at all serious” and 5 being “extremely serious”). The sum of the two values was then categorized as “low” (sum 2–4), “moderate” (sum 5–7), or “high” (sum 8–10) perceived severity.
§ Building quality was based on an index variable calculated from the total number of finished materials used among the walls, floor, and roof of the structure (0, 1, 2, or 3), with an adjustment based on the field-worker’s rating of household quality on a scale of 1–5. Households receiving the median value of the index score (2.5) were defined as “moderate” quality, whereas those below and above were respectively defined as “low” or “high” quality.