TABLE 1.
Selected/candidate phytochemicals with inhibitory effects on ACE2, spike proteins, protease, and RdRP in combating COVID-19 neurological signs.
| Phytochemical class | Compound | Study type | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| ACE2 interaction | |||
| Alkaloid | Nicotianamine | In silico | (Chen and Du, 2020) |
| Flavonoid | Baicalin | In silico | (Cheng et al., 2020a; Chen and Du, 2020) |
| Flavonoid | Chrysin | In silico | (Basu et al., 2020) |
| Flavonoid | Fisetin | In silico | (Pandey et al., 2020) |
| Flavonoid | Hesperetin | In silico | (Chen and Du, 2020) |
| Flavonoid | Kaempferol | In silico | (Pandey et al., 2020) |
| Flavonoid | Naringenin | In silico | (Muchtaridi et al., 2020) |
| Flavonoid | Quercetin | In silico | (Joshi et al., 2020; Williamson and Kerimi, 2020) |
| Flavonoid | Scutellarin | In silico | (Chen and Du, 2020) |
| Polyphenol | Curcumin | In silico | (Maurya et al., 2020) |
| Polyphenol | Piceatannol | In silico | (Wahedi et al., 2020) |
| Polyphenol | Resveratrol | In silico | (Wahedi et al., 2020) |
| Quinone | Dithymoquinone | In silico | (Ahmad et al., 2020) |
| Terpenoid | Glycyrrhizin | In silico | (Chen and Du, 2020) |
| Terpenoid | Nimbin | In silico | (Maurya et al., 2020) |
| Spike protein interaction | |||
| Alkaloid | Berberine | In silico | (Maurya et al., 2020) |
| Alkaloid | Cepharanthine | In vitro | (Kim et al., 2019a) |
| Alkaloid | Piperine | In silico | (Rout et al., 2020) |
| Alkaloid | Thebaine | In silico | (Maurya et al., 2020) |
| Alkaloid | Fangchinoline | In silico, In vitro | (Kim et al., 2019a; Parvez et al., 2020) |
| Alkaloid | Tetrandrine | In silico, In vitro | (Kim et al., 2019a; Parvez et al., 2020) |
| Flavonoid | Epigallocatechin gallate | In silico | (Maiti and Banerjee, 2020) |
| Flavonoid | Fisetin | In silico | (Pandey et al., 2020) |
| Flavonoid | Isolophirachalcone A | In silico | (Parvez et al., 2020) |
| Flavonoid | Quercetin | In silico | (Pandey et al., 2020) |
| Flavonoid | Theaflavin | In silico | (Maiti and Banerjee, 2020) |
| Phenolic | Cinnamaldehyde | In silico | (Kulkarni et al., 2020) |
| Polyphenol | Curcumin | In silico | (Maurya et al., 2020) |
| Polyphenol | Resveratrol | In silico | (Wahedi et al., 2020) |
| Quinone | Emodin | In vitro | (Okamoto et al., 2001; Ho et al., 2007; Ho et al., 2007) |
| Terpenoid | Carvacrol | In silico | (Kulkarni et al., 2020) |
| Terpenoid | Glycyrrhizin | In silico | (Chen and Du, 2020) |
| Terpenoid | Nimbin | In silico | (Maurya et al., 2020) |
| Terpenoid | Saikosaponin | In silico | (Sinha et al., 2020) |
| RdRP blockers | |||
| Alkaloid | 6-Acetonyldihydrochelerythrine | In silico | (Pandeya et al., 2020) |
| Alkaloid | Allocryptopine | In silico | (Pandeya et al., 2020) |
| Alkaloid | Cepharanthine | In silico | (Ruan et al., 2020) |
| Alkaloid | Fangchinoline | In silico | (Parvez et al., 2020) |
| Alkaloid | Protopine | In silico | (Pandeya et al., 2020) |
| Alkaloid | Tetrandrine | In silico | (Parvez et al., 2020) |
| Flavonoid | Apigenin | In silico | (Rameshkumar et al., 2020) |
| Flavonoid | Cyanidin | In silico | (Rameshkumar et al., 2020) |
| Flavonoid | Delphinidin | In silico | (Rameshkumar et al., 2020) |
| Flavonoid | Hesperidin | In silico | (Singh et al., 2020) |
| Flavonoid | Isolophirachalcone A | In silico | (Parvez et al., 2020) |
| Flavonoid | Myricetin | In silico | (Singh et al., 2020) |
| Flavonoid | Theaflavin | In silico | (Lung et al., 2020; Singh et al., 2020) |
| Polyphenol | Epigallocatechin gallate | In silico | (Singh et al., 2020) |
| Polyphenol | Gallic acid | In silico | (Abd El-Aziz et al., 2020) |
| Polyphenol | Resveratrol | In silico | (Abd El-Aziz et al., 2020) |
| Main protease inhibitors | |||
| Alkaloid | Berberine | In silico | (Narkhede et al., 2020) |
| Alkaloid | Fangchinoline | In silico | (Parvez et al., 2020) |
| Alkaloid | Solanine | In silico | (Hasan et al., 2020) |
| Alkaloid | Triptanthrine | In silico | (Narkhede et al., 2020) |
| Flavonoid | Amentoflavone | In vitro | (Ryu et al., 2010a) |
| Flavonoid | Apigenin | In vitro | (Ryu et al., 2010a) |
| Flavonoid | Fortunellin | In silico | (Panagiotopoulos et al., 2020) |
| Flavonoid | Hesperidin | In silico | (Adem et al., 2020a) |
| Flavonoid | Isolophirachalcone | In silico | (Parvez et al., 2020) |
| Flavonoid | Luteolin | In vitro | (Ryu et al., 2010a) |
| Flavonoid | Narcissin | In silico | (Owis et al., 2020) |
| Flavonoid | Naringenin | In silico | (Kim et al., 2019b) |
| Flavonoid | Oolonghomobisflavan-A | In silico | (Bhardwaj et al., 2020) |
| Flavonoid | Papyriflavonol | In vitro | (Park et al., 2017) |
| Flavonoid | Quercetin | In vitro | (Ryu et al., 2010a; Nguyen et al., 2012) |
| Flavonoid | Rutin | In silico | (Adem et al., 2020a) |
| Iridoid | Geniposide | In silico | (Rahman et al., 2020) |
| Lignan | Savinin | In vitro | (Wen et al., 2007) |
| Polyphenol | Dieckol | In vitro | (Park et al., 2013) |
| Polyphenol | Gallocatechin-3-gallate | In silico | (Ghosh et al., 2020) |
| Quinone | Rhein | In silico | (Narkhede et al., 2020) |
| Quinone | Tanshinone I | In vitro | (Park et al., 2012) |
| Terpenoid | 1,8-cineole | In silico | (Sharma and Kaur, 2020) |
| Terpenoid | Andrographolide | In silico | (Enmozhi et al., 2020) |
| Terpenoid | Betulinic acid | In vitro | (Wen et al., 2007) |