Table 3.

Associations between life satisfaction and defense mechanisms in North Korean Refugees in stepwise multiple regression model

Life satisfaction	Defense mechanism	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Overall	Denial	0.189**	0.241***	0.145**
	Resignation	− 0.181**	− 0.206***	ns
Economic	Denial	0.203**	0.203**	0.137*
	Resignation	− 0.131*	− 0.134*	ns
Educational	Reaction formation	0.142*	ns	ns
	Consumption	− 0.127*	ns	ns

Model 1: dependent variable: life satisfaction; independent variables: defense mechanisms

Model 2: dependent variable: life satisfaction; independent variables: defense mechanisms, age, and gender

Model 3: dependent variable: life satisfaction; independent variables: defense mechanisms, age, gender, depression, anxiety, and number of traumatic events experienced

β is provided only if p value was < 0.05

Excluded variables in stepwise model were not shown or marked as ns

ns non-significant

^*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001