Table 3.
Predictors for overall survival after primary curative treatment by using Cox regression model
| Variables | Univariate model | aMultivariate model | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | Model I Time-invariant without recurrence aHR (95% CI) |
Model II Time-invariant with recurrence aHR (95% CI) |
Model III Time-varying with recurrence aHR (95% CI) |
|
| Time-dependent variables | ||||
| Recurrence type | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Early recurrence (< 1 year) | 9.44 (4.98–17.9) | 6.62 (3.79–11.6) | ||
| Late recurrence (> 1 year) | 6.46 (3.17–13.2) | 3.75 (1.99–7.08) | ||
| Time-independent variables | ||||
| Recurrence type | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Early (< 1 year) | 4.51 (2.42–8.39) | 3.09 (2.03–4.71) | ||
| Late (> 1 year) | 1.73 (0.91–3.28) | |||
| Host-related factors | ||||
| Age > 65 years | 1.64 (1.09–2.48) | 1.43 (0.92–2.21) | 1.55 (1.01–2.36) | |
| Male | 1.23 (0.81–1.86) | |||
| AST > 80 IU/L | 1.30 (0.80–2.11) | |||
| ALT > 80 IU/L | 0.99 (0.60–1.63) | |||
| Total bilirubin > 1.5 mg/dL | 1.93 (1.00–3.72) | |||
| Prothrombin time (INR) > 1.3 | 1.86 (0.86–4.04) | |||
| Albumin <3.0 mg/dL | 2.38 (1.20–4.75) | |||
| Child-Pugh score B (vs A) | 1.63 (0.75–3.53) | |||
| CSPH | 2.31 (1.50–3.56) | 1.53 (0.93–2.52) | 1.71 (1.04–2.82) | 1.97 (1.26–3.08) |
| Creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL | 2.04 (0.98–4.22) | 1.93 (0.92–4.02) | 1.89 (0.90–3.97) | |
| Diabetes | 1.23 (0.79–1.90) | |||
| ALBI grade 2 or 3 (vs 1) | 1.91 (1.02–3.59) | |||
| FIB-4 index > 3.25 | 2.50 (1.63–3.84) | 2.02 (1.23–3.31) | 1.83 (1.12–3.01) | |
| Tumor characteristics | ||||
| Size > 3 cm | 1.02 (0.67–1.54) | |||
| Multinodularity | 1.18 (0.75–1.84) | |||
| AFP > 20 ng/mL | 1.20 (0.79–1.81) | |||
| BCLC stage A (vs 0) | 1.94 (1.03–3.65) | 1.88 (1.00–3.55) | ||
| Histopathological findings | ||||
| Edmonson grade III & IV | 1.35 (0.76–2.40) | |||
| Ishak fibrosis score 4–6 | 1.24 (0.79–1.96) | |||
| Viral factors | ||||
| HBV | 5.23 (2.86–9.57) | |||
| HCV | 5.36 (2.96–9.70) | |||
| HBV and HCV | 10.3 (3.77–28.1) | |||
| Treatment modality | ||||
| RFA-TACE (vs. Surgery) | 1.25 (0.82–1.91) | |||
| Model selection | ||||
| -2 log likelihood ratio | 871.9 | 847.7 | 834.5 | |
| AIC | 879.9 | 857.7 | 842.5 | |
aHR adjusted hazard ratio, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, INR international normalized ratio, CSPH clinically significant portal hypertension, ALBI albumin-bilirubin, AFP alpha-fetoprotein, HBV hepatitis B virus, HCV hepatitis C virus, BCLC Barcelona-Clınic Liver Cancer staging system, RFA radiofrequency ablation, AIC Akaike information criterion
aMultivariate analyses were performed by the Cox proportional model with forward selection, with P < 0.15 indicating inclusion and removal for variable selection. Model I: variables without recurrence. Model II: recurrence as time-invariant variables. Model III: recurrence as time-varying variables