Mechanisms underlying the in vivo vascular responses of balloon-expanding and self-expanding stents. (a) Neointima hyperplasia response of BMS, (b) problems of protrusion, malapposition, and late ST of DES, (c) vascular healing from implantation of a bioresorbable stent as a result of its disappearance, (d) versatile responses of surface-modified stents, and (e) application of self-expanding stents suitable for peripheral or cerebrovascular areas due to their highly tortuous path and pulsatile forces.