Table 1:

Classification of urinary tract infections, symptoms, host risk factors and treatment. [Au: would it work to set the table up as indicated?]

Infection type	Cystitis (bladder infection)	Pyelonephritis (kidney infection)
Classification	Uncomplicated UTI Complicated UTI	Complicated UTI
Symptoms	- Painful urination (dysuria) - Urinary frequency - Urinary urgency - Suprapubic pain - Bloody urine (hematuria)	- Fever - Flank pain - Costovertebral angle tenderness
Host risk factors	- Positive individual UTI history - Positive family history - Sexual activity - New sexual partner - Postmenopausal age - Vaginal dysbiosis - Recent antibiotic use	- Positive individual UTI history - Positive family history - Sexual activity - New sexual partner - Postmenopausal age - Vaginal dysbiosis - Recent antibiotic use - Anatomic urogenital abnormalities - Vesicoureteral reflux - Diabetes mellitus - Pregnancy - Catheterization - Urolithiasis - Immunosuppression - History of pyelonephritis
Diagnosis	- Positive urine culture - Pyuria - Hematuria*	- Positive urine culture - Pyuria - Hematuria*
Treatment (low MDR risk**)	Empiric treatment with nitrofurantoin or fosfomycin	Treatment with ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin
Treatment (high MDR risk**)	Treatment with oral β-lactams and fluoroquinolones until culture sensitivity results are acquired	Treatment with ceftriaxone or ertapenem and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Augmentin or a 3rd-generation cephalosporin

MDR, multi-drug resistant; UTI, urinary tract infection.

^*Diagnosis and treatment of acute simple cystitis is often alone, although symptoms are not considered diagnostic.

^**MDR risk factors include an extended stay at a hospital facility, recent travel to India, Israel, Spain and Mexico, and/or recent antibiotic use.