Table 2.
Details of included studies
| Citation, country | Study design | Type of fasting | Sample size | Mean age (SD) | Sex (M/F) | Summary of key outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abdolreza 2011, Iran27 | Prospective observational | Ramadan | 610 | 37.6 | 441/169 | Admissions due to renal colic were higher during the first two weeks of Ramadan (p<0.05) |
| Al Assaad 2018, Lebanon28 | Prospective observational | Ramadan | 3536 | 54.1 | 2041/1495 | No change in renal colic incidence in Ramadan months (p=0.615) |
| Al-Hadramy 1997, Saudi Arabia22 | Retrospective | Ramadan | NR | NR | All male | No change in renal colic incidence in Ramadan months (p=0.223) |
| Al Mahayni 2018, Saudi Arabia20 | Retrospective observational | Ramadan | 237 | 45.8 | 178/59 | No change in renal colic incidence in Ramadan months (p=0.599) |
| Basiri 2004, Iran23 | Retrospective observational | Ramadan | 574 | 36.4 | 398/173 | No change in renal colic incidence in Ramadan months (p=0.32) |
| Cevik 2016, Pakistan24 | Prospective observational | Ramadan | 176 | 40.5 | 112/64 | Fasting in Ramadan does not change the number of renal colic visits, although fasting during Ramadan was associated with increased urine density and decreased WBC count |
| Habib 2014, U.S.25 | Prospective observational | Ramadan | 43 | 51 | 41:2 | No significant difference between groups fasting and not fasting for renal stone incidence (0 stones in cohort) |
| Hodgkinson et al26 | Prospective observational | Fasting for 12 hours | 156 | 20–55 | All male | Lower uric acid levels were found in healthy patients |
| Miladipour et al19 | Prospective observational | Ramadan | 57 | 30–55 | All male | Urine biochemistry varied significantly during fasting with decrease in the concentration of certain electrolytes (calcium, phosphate, magnesium) while certain electrolytes increased (uric acid, and potassium). These biochemistry changes were similar between recurrent calculus formers and participants with no history of renal colic, with the exception of serum sodium, which was significantly lower in the calculus former group while fasting. However, this did not translate into increased risk of calculus formation during fasting for either group |
| Sagy et al21 | Retrospective | Ramadan | 4517 | 37.9 | 3446/1071 | There was an increase in renal colic related ED visits during the first 2 weeks of Ramadan (RR 1.267, 95% CI 1.031–1.502) among Muslims but not among Jews (1.061, 95% CI 0.885–1.238) |
CI: confidence interval; ED: emergency department; RR: relative risk; SD: standard deviation; WBC: white blood cell.