Table 1.
Electrophysiological and mechanical biomarkers comparison between literature values and simulation results with healthy model
| Biomarkers | Literature values | Model simulation results |
|---|---|---|
| Electrophysiological biomarkers | ||
| QRS duration (ms) | 96 ± 9 in men, 85 ± 6 in women (7) | 100 |
| QT interval (ms) | 350–440 s (8) | 330 |
| Mechanical biomarkers | ||
| LVEDV (mL) | 142 ± 21 (SSFP-CMR) (9) | 155 |
| RVEDV (mL) | 144 ± 23 (SSFP-CMR) (10) | 160 |
| LVESV (mL) | 47 ± 10 (SSFP-CMR) (9) | 57 |
| RVESV (mL) | 50 ± 14 (SSFP-CMR) (10) | 67 |
| LVEF (%) | 67 ± 4.6 (SSFP-CMR) (9), 62 ± 7 (RNV) (11) | 63 |
| RVEF (%) | 48 ± 5 (RNV) (11) | 57 |
| Peak LV pressure (mmHg) | 111 ± 4 (12) | 108 |
| Peak RV pressure (mmHg) | 38–40 (13) | 42 |
| Peak longitudinal fractional shortening (%) | 16 ± 2%, ES mid-ventricular mid-wall (DENSE MRI) (14) | 11% shortening from rest, 18% from end-diastole |
| Peak wall thickening (%) | 33 ± 10%, radial strain, ES mid-ventricular mid-wall (DENSE MRI) (14) | 36 ± 19% averaged over entire mesh from rest |
| Peak torsion angle () | peak twist 11.5 ± 3.3 (apex–base) (tagged MRI) (15) | 0 |
Where applicable, imaging methods are detailed in parentheses.
DENSE-MRI, displacement encoded with stimulated echoes magnetic resonance imaging; EDV, end-diastolic volume; EF, ejection fraction; ESV, end-systolic volume; LV, left ventricle; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; RNV, radionuclide ventriculography; RV, right ventricle; SSFP-CMR, steady-state free precession cardiac magnetic resonance; SV, stroke volume.