Fig. 1.

In vitro and in ovo antiviral efficacy of emetine against coronaviruses. (a) In vitro antiviral efficacy: Vero cells, in triplicates, were infected with SARS-CoV-2 at MOI of 0.1 in the presence of indicated concentrations of emetine or vehicle-control. The virus particles released in the infected cell culture supernatants at 24 hpi were quantified by plaque assay. Values are means ± SD and representative of the result of at least 3 independent experiments. Pair-wise statistical comparisons were performed using Student's t-test (* = P < 0.05, ** = P < 0.01, *** = P < 0.001). (b) In ovo antiviral efficacy of emetine against IBV: SPF embryonated chicken eggs were infected with IBV at EID₅₀ of 100 via allantoic route in the presence of indicated concentrations of emetine or PBS and observed daily for mortality of the embryos. Duration of the survival of chicken embryos following IBV challenge as determined by Kaplan-Meier (survival) curve is shown. LD₅₀ was determined by the Reed-Muench method. Statistical comparisons in survival curves were made using Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) Test using GraphPad Prism 7.02. (c) Morphological changes in the chicken embryos at different drug regimens following IBV challenge is shown. * = P < 0.05, *** = P < 0.001.