Table 1.
Patient characteristics overall and according to TMAO level.
| Parameters | Total (n = 127) | TMAO≥2.09 μM (n = 64) | TMAO<2.09 μM (n = 63) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 57.9 | 61.1 ± 10.1 | 54.7 ± 11.9 | 0.001 |
| Male, % | 101 (79.5) | 49 (76.6) | 52 (82.5) | 0.404 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.1 | 25.9 ± 3.0 | 26.2 ± 3.4 | 0.580 |
| Hypertension, % | 70 (55.1) | 33 (51.6) | 37 (58.7) | 0.417 |
| Diabetes, % | 38 (29.9) | 25 (39.1) | 13 (20.6) | 0.023 |
| Hyperlipidemia, % | 104 (81.9) | 52 (81.3) | 52 (82.5) | 0.850 |
| Smoking, % | 90 (70.9) | 40 (62.5) | 50 (79.4) | 0.036 |
| Stroke, % | 14 (11.0) | 10 (15.6) | 4 (6.5) | 0.101 |
| PAD, % | 2 (1.6) | 2 (3.1) | 0 (0) | 0.157 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 145.6 ± 17.3 | 142.9 ± 16.4 | 148.4 ± 17.9 | 0.076 |
| Platelets (109/L) | 230.1 ± 63.7 | 223.4 ± 63.1 | 236.9 ± 64.1 | 0.233 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 5.5 (2.3–9.9) | 5.3 (2.2–8.5) | 5.7 (2.3–11.0) | 0.302 |
| eGFR, (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 97.2 (84.3–108.9) | 91.8 (74.9–101.3) | 102.6 (91.4–111.6) | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 126.6 (78.8–169.2) | 126.1 (76.6–169.7) | 138.9 (95.6–184.1) | 0.471 |
| LDL-C(mg/dL) | 114.2 (93.2–135.1) | 113.2 (89.6–141.3) | 114.6 (93.3–132.7) | 0.895 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 41.8 (36.0–47.2) | 42.0 (34.9–47.1) | 41.8 (36.4–47.2) | 0.759 |
| EF, % | 55.8 ± 6.2 | 55.9 ± 5.1 | 55.7 ± 7.2 | 0.829 |
| Medications before hospital | ||||
| Antiplatelet drug | 17 (13.4%) | 10 (15.6%) | 7 (11.1%) | 0.455 |
| Statin | 19 (15.0%) | 12 (18.8%) | 7 (11.1%) | 0.228 |
| ACEI or ARB | 21 (16.5) | 11 (17.2) | 10 (15.9) | 0.842 |
| β-blocker | 4 (3.1) | 1 (1.6) | 3 (4.8) | 0.302 |
Continuous data are presented as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range), categorical variables are presented as %. BMI indicates body mass index; PAD indicates peripheral artery disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; EF, ejection fraction; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker and TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide.