Table 1.
Potential risk factors for loneliness included in the study with sample characteristics.
| Predictors | Sample characteristics |
|---|---|
| 1. Socio-demographic | |
| 1.1. Sex | Female (66.1%), Male (33.9%) |
| 1.2. Age | 54.26 (sd = 7.15) |
| 1.3. Level of Education | Primary (3.5%), Secondary (23.1%), Higher ed. (73.4%) |
| 1.4.Family income corrected by family size and structure (times above the corresponding poverty threshold) | 2.61 (sd = 1.15) |
| 2. Lifestyles | |
| 2.1. Nutrition. Mediterranean Diet Adherence screener (MeDAS) | 8.20 (sd = 1.94) |
| 2.2. Exercise. Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) | Low act. (18.8%), Moderate act. (42.4%), High act. (38.8%) |
| 2.3. Cognitive Activity. Classical proxies of cognitive stimulating activities | 13.56 (sd = 3.72) |
| 2.4. Sleep Quality. Jenkins Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (JSEQ) | 8.02 (sd = 3.61) |
| 3. Social connectedness | |
| 3.1. Household Arrangement | Alone (15.8%), With partner (70.9%), Living without partner but with children in charge (8.3%), Other (5.0%) |
| 3.2. Social Interaction. 4 question from the LUBBEN Social Network Scale (LSNS). | 13.94 (sd = 3.54) |
| 4. Self-rated general health | |
| 4.1. Cognitive Health. From Neuro-QoL questionnaire, including 12 questions on memory, attention, and reasoning. | 51.23 (sd = 8.04) |
| 4.2. Mental Health. From the PHQ-4 questionnaire, consisting of 2 questions on depressive, 2 on anxiety symptoms. | 14.1 (sd = 1.93) |
| 4.3. Physical Health. 3 questions from the General Health PROMIS questionnaire, of which 2 relate to physical disability and 1 to physical well-being in general. | 8.49 (sd = 1.28) |
| 5. Meaning in life | |
| 5.1. Sense of Coherence. Abbreviated version of the Orientation to Life Questionnaire (OLQ-13) | 66.24 (sd = 11.22) |
| 5.2. Purpose in Life. Six-item subscale of the Spanish version of Ryff's Well-Being Scale | 28.95 (sd = 5.7) |
| 5.3. Engagement with Life. Trompetter's scale (2013) to assess fulfillment and personal values | 61.61 (sd = 9.18) |