. 2020 May 26;35(2):229–243. doi: 10.1007/s10877-020-00534-7

Table 1.

Qualitative echocardiographic evaluation of volume status / fluid responsiveness

Status	Respiratory Modulation	Interpretation	Fluid responsiveness
SIVC/SVC dilated (i.e. round in shape, stretched, visual aspect of overfilling)	No variation	Filling pressure ⇧	Negative (“Stop signal” for further fluid administration)^a
SIVC/SVC small/collapsed	Pronounced variation	Filling pressure ⇩	Positive
SIVC/SVC intermediate	Passive Leg Raising (PLR) and/or Fluid challenge (FC) If stroke volume increases with unchanged systemic resistance, fluid substitution is clinically indicated

Status

Respiratory Modulation

Interpretation

Fluid responsiveness

SIVC/SVC dilated (i.e. round in shape, stretched, visual aspect of overfilling)

No variation

Filling pressure ⇧

Negative

(“Stop signal” for further fluid administration)^a

SIVC/SVC small/collapsed

Pronounced variation

Filling pressure ⇩

Positive

SIVC/SVC intermediate

Passive Leg Raising (PLR) and/or Fluid challenge (FC)

If stroke volume increases with unchanged systemic resistance, fluid substitution is clinically indicated

^aIn the context of chronic cardiovascular disease, a positive volume responsiveness may occasionally be given despite a dilated SIVC without respiratory oscillation. Further evaluation may be done by means of PLR/FC