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. 2021 Mar 9;6:116. doi: 10.1038/s41392-021-00524-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Bile acids activate MPT-triggered pyroptosis by Apaf-1 pyroptosome and cause cholestatic liver injury. a Bile acids of high level activate persistent MPT to quickly release ATP and cytochrome c through channels such as ANT1 to promote pyroptosis and cause cholestatic liver injury. b A novel molecular mechanism that Apaf-1 senses MPT to activate caspase-4/11-caspase-3-GSDME signal axis to promote pyroptosis, while the apoptosis pathway was activated by MOMP stimulation