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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Hepatology. 2021 Apr 19;73(6):2429–2440. doi: 10.1002/hep.31548

Table 3:

Factors Associated with consistent (≥ 30 days/year) Inappropriate and Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use

NSAID Use Opiate Use Benzodiazepine Use PPI Use
OR (95% CI)
Gender (Male) 0.6 (0.5–0.8)
p<0.001
0.9 (0.8–0.97)
p=0.006
0.7 (0.6–0.8)
p<0.001
1.0 (0.9–1.1) p=0.667
Age at first liver decompensation 1.00 (0.99–1.01) p=0.563 0.99 (0.98–0.99)
p<0.001
0.97 (0.97–0.98)
p<0.001
1.02 (1.01–1.02)
p<0.001
Race/Ethnicity
White 1.0 (0.6–1.7)
p=0.972
1.0 (0.8–1.2)
p=0.975
1.1 (0.8–1.5)
p=0.696
1.0 (0.8–1.2)
p=0.838
Hispanic 0.9 (0.5–1.6)
p=0.629
0.8 (0.6–1.0)
p=0.094
0.6 (0.4–0.9)
p=0.006
1.1 (0.9–1.4)
p=0.397
African
American
1.2 (0.7–2.3)
p=0.511
1.0 (0.8–1.3)
p=0.876
0.8 (0.5–1.2)
p=0.226
0.9 (0.7–1.1)
p=0.289
Asian 0.8 (0.3–2.0)
p=0.654
0.4 (0.3–0.6)
p<0.001
0.5 (0.2–0.9)
p=0.023
0.9 (0.6–1.2)
p=0.317
Co-morbid
Conditions
Peptic Ulcer Disease 1.7 (1.6–1.9)
p<0.001
Gastroesophageal
Reflux
2.3 (2.1–2.5)
p<0.001
Dyspepsia 1.2 (1.1–1.4)
p=0.008
Inpatient Codes
Inpatient Ascites Diagnosis 0.7 (0.6–0.9)
p=0.009
Inpatient HE 1.3 (1.2–1.5) 1.0 (0.8–1.1)
Diagnosis p<0.001 p=0.683
Procedures
Rx after TIPS* 0.6 (0.3–0.98)
p=0.045
1.9 (0.7–5.8)
p=0.234
Rx after Paracentesis** 0.8 (0.5–1.1)
p=0.141
Paracentesis # During Follow up 0.9 (0.8–0.97)
p=0.008
Gastroenterology or Hepatology Provider Consultation 0.9 (0.7–1.1)
p=0.318
1.1 (0.99–1.2)
p=0.056
1.2 (0.99–1.4)
p=0.073
1.7 (1.5–1.8)
p<0.001

HE: Hepatic Encephalopathy

PPI: Proton Pump Inhibitor

NSAID: Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug

TIPS: Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt

*

Medication use after TIPS for those who underwent TIPS compared to medication use for those who did not undergo TIPS

**

Medication use after paracentesis compared to medication use for those who did not undergo paracentesis