Table 4.

Modeling the odds of internalizing problems across genders and gender gap index levels, according to both informants’outcomes measures

	Internalizing problems	Model 1b			Model 2ce			Model 3de
		AOR	95% CI	p	AOR	95% CI	p	AOR	95% CI	p
Parent or teacher reported
Main effects	Gender (Ref: girls)	0.89	0.75–1.05	0.179	0.83	0.66–1.04	0.106	0.89	0.68–1.16	0.380
	Gap Indexa (ref: low GGI)	1.50	1.22–1.83	0.000	1.47	1.10–1.95	0.008	1.80	1.31–2.49	0.000
Interaction	Interaction; Gender × GGIb	0.86	0.64–1.39	0.291	0.90	0.62–1.53	0.528	0.87	0.59–1.29	0.490
Child self-reported
Main effects	Gender (Ref: girls)	0.72	0.61–0.85	0.000	0.80	0.64–0.99	0.046	0.80	0.63–1.02	0.069
	Gap Indexa (ref: low GGI)	1.01	0.82–1.25	0.902	1.05	0.79–1.40	0.748	1.08	0.78–1.49	0.640
Interaction	Interaction; Gender × GGIb	0.67	0.49–0.91	0.012	0.55	0.38–0.81	0.002	0.52	0.35–0.79	0.002
	GGIa for boys (ref: low GGI)	0.66	0.51–0.85	0.001	0.57	0.40–0.81	0.002	0.55	0.37–0.82	0.004
	GGIa for girls (ref: low GGI)	1.03	0.83–1.27	0.796	1.07	0.77–1.47	0.697	1.14	0.80–1.63	0.474

Bold = p-val < 0.05

^aHigh vs low score, high score indicates more gender equal society based on GGI measure (further details in methods)

^bAdjusting for European region, child’s age (above/below eight), gender, single child, mother’s age, interaction gender/CGI

^cAdjusting for European region, child’s age (above/below eight), gender single child, mother’s age, parent psychological distress, parent alcohol dependence, prenatal smoking, interaction gender/CGI

^dAdjusting for European region, child’s age (above/below eight), gender, single child, mother’s age, parent psychological distress, parent alcohol dependence, prenatal smoking, professionally inactive mother, married mother, mother’s education, interaction gender/CGI

^eItaly excluded