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. 2021 Jan 25;22(2):141–159. doi: 10.1007/s10162-020-00783-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — A) Frequency spectrum of an analogue dyad consisting of two superimposed sinusoids F1 (80 Hz) and F2 (120 Hz). A 35-ms portion of the waveform is shown on the left. B) An instantaneous nonlinearity (such as could occur in the stimulating device), consisting of half-wave rectification and squaring, results in a DP with frequency F2-F1 = 40 Hz. This DP is also observed when the nonlinearity is preceded by smoothing, such as may occur in the auditory system (C). D) Stimulus produced by interleaving 200-μs sections of 80- and 120-Hz sinusoids. A zoomed-in section of the waveform is shown in the box on the far right. The nonlinearity now fails to produce a DP (part E, red oval) unless preceded by smoothing (F)