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Phototoxicity and dark toxicity of PPIX-MED against (A) three bacterial strains and (B) NIH 3T3 (mouse fibroblast) cells. Each bacterial species and the fibroblasts were respectively incubated with PPIX-MED (0–31.25 μM) for 30 min, followed by exposure to 650-nm laser light (6 J/cm2) or darkness. The results are expressed as mean and standard deviation.
