Table 4. Comparative echocardiography-measured LV size, geometry and function pre- and during VAD support and after VAD explantation in LVAD and BiVAD supported children based on one-way ANOVA.
| Echocardiographic parameters | Children who had myocardial recovery (n=25) | Children supported with VAD as a bridge to heart transplant (n=78) | Children who died on VAD (n=45) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LVEF1 | ||||
| Pre-VAD | 21.0±9.0 [20, 0–45] | 13.0±8.0 (10.0, 0–38) | 13.0±5.0 (10.0, 0–45) | <0.001 |
| While on VAD | 49.0±7.0 [48, 35–68] | 26.0±9.0 (25.0, 10–56) | 12.0±7.0 (10.0, 0–30) | <0.001 |
| Post-VAD explantation | 56.0±4.0 [55, 50–80] | 63.0±6.0* (67.0, 15–85) | – | <0.001 |
| LV FS2 | ||||
| Pre-VAD | 11.0±5.0 [10, <10–20] | 10±0.89 [10, 8–35] | 11.0±8.0 (10.0, 5–45) | <0.001 |
| While on VAD | 24.0±4.0 [24, 15–39] | 16.0±3.0 (15.0, 3–39) | 13.0±7.0 (15.0, 3–45) | <0.001 |
| Post-VAD explantation | 32.0±3.0 [32, 27-62] | 36.0±7.0* (36.0, 24–53) | 0.659 | |
| LVEDD3 | ||||
| Pre-VAD | 2.8±0.4 (2.3, 1.7–4.8) | 3.2±1.3 (4.0, 1.7–5.7) | 3.3±0.9 (4.5, 3.4–6.0) | 0.05 |
| While on VAD | 2.4±0.5 (2.0,1.4–4.5) | 3.1±0.4 (3.7, 1.7–5.4) | 4.2±0.2 (4.2, 3.2–5.6) | 0 |
| Post-VAD explantation | 2.2±0.6 (1.8, 1.1–4.3) | 1.9±0.2* (2.0, 0.97–3.0) | <0.868 | |
| RWT4 | ||||
| Pre-VAD | 0.43±0.002 (0.40, 0.38–0.46) | 0.43±0.002 (0.42, 0.38–0.48) | 0.48±0.001 (0.42, 0.37–0.52) | 0.143 |
| While on VAD | 0.38±0.003 (0.38, 0.30–0.42) | 0.44±0.001 (0.54, 0.43-0.57) | 0.63±0.002 (0.57, 0.55–0.68) | <0.001 |
| Post-VAD explantation | 0.33±0.003 (0.24, 0.24–0.42) | 0.34±0.002* (0.44, 0.30–0.48) | – | <0.001 |
1, left ventricular ejection fraction; 2, left ventricular fractional shortening; 3, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; 4, relative wall thickness (2× posterior wall thickness/LVEDD); *, after transplantation; ANOVA-analysis of variance. LV, left ventricular; VAD, ventricular assist device.