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Schematic diagram of MEK-ERK signal cascade of the MAPK pathway, PD-1 and PD-L1 pathway, and P16 inhibitory pathway. MEK-ERK, Ras-Raf- mitogen-activated protein kinase-extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; PD-1, programmed cell death 1; PD-L1, programmed cell death-ligand 1.
