Table 1.
Sample Characteristics
| Variable | Total (N = 582) |
Reduced LVEF (n = 282) |
Preserved LVEF (n = 300) |
No Fatigue (n = 318) |
Fatigue (n = 264) |
No Depression (n = 429) |
Depression (n =153) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |
| Age, year | 63.2 ± 14.4 | 60.7 ± 14.0 | 65.6 ± 14.4† | 61.1 ± 14.0 | 65.7 ± 14.5† | 62.8 ± 14.0 | 64.4 ± 15.4 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 31.0 ± 9.1 | 30.1 ± 8.8 | 31.9 ± 9.4* | 31.8 ± 10.0 | 30.2 ± 7.9* | 30.9 ± 8.8 | 31.5 ± 10.1 |
| SBP, mmHg | 135.4 ± 19.6 | 131.3 ± 19.6 | 139.2 ± 18.9† | 137.3 ± 20.9 | 133.1 ± 17.7* | 136.2 ± 20.7 | 133.0 ± 16.2* |
| DBP, mmHg | 78.8 ± 12.6 | 79.8 ± 12.9 | 77.9 ± 12.2 | 80.4 ± 13.9 | 76.9 ± 10.5* | 79.8 ± 13.2 | 76.1 ± 10.2† |
| Heart rate | 81.2 ± 12.3 | 82.1 ± 12.1 | 80.3 ± 12.4 | 81.9 ± 13.6 | 80.3 ± 10.4 | 81.4 ± 12.7 | 80.4 ± 11.0 |
| LVEF, % | 40.8 ± 15.1 | N/A | N/A | 40.4 ± 15.1 | 41.2 ± 15.0 | 39.7 ± 14.8 | 43.8 ± 15.4* |
| Troponin_1, ng/mL | .7 ± 3.2 | 1.0 ± 4.0 | .5 ± 2.2 | .9 ± 3.5 | .6 ± 3.0 | .7 ± 3.1 | .7 ± 3.7 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 3.1 ± .6 | 3.2 ± .6 | 3.1 ± .6 | 3.2 ± .6 | 3.1 ± .6 | 3.2 ± .6 | 3.2 ± .6 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 128.0 ± 90.9 | 123.2 ± 101.3 | 132.5 ± 79.7 | 125.9 ± 82.7 | 130.5 ± 99.9 | 125.7 ± 93.1 | 134.4 ± 84.4 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.8 ± 1.6 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 2.0 ± 1.9* | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 1.8 ± 1.8 | 1.9 ± 1.6 | 1.7 ± 1.7 |
| Sodium, mEq/L | 137.1 ± 2.9 | 136.8 ± 3.0 | 137.5 ± 2.8* | 137.0 ± 3.1 | 137.2 ± 2.7 | 137.1 ± 3.0 | 137.2 ± 2.8 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.5 ± 1.8 | 11.8 ± 1.8 | 11.1 ± 1.7† | 11.5 ± 1.8 | 11.4 ± 1.7 | 11.5 ± 1.8 | 11.3 ± 1.6 |
| Monocytes, K/uL | .7 ± .3 | .7 ± .3 | .7 ± .3 | .7 ± .3 | .7 ± .2* | .7 ± .3 | .7 ± .3 |
| Neutrophils, K/uL | 5.7 ± 2.5 | 5.6 ± 2.3 | 5.7 ± 2.7 | 6.0 ± 2.7 | 5.3 ± 2.2† | 5.7 ± 2.5 | 5.6 ± 2.5 |
| Medical services use | 96.5 ± 84.3 | 83.3 ± 72.0 | 108.9 ± 92.8† | 66.1 ± 50.7 | 133.1 ± 100.6† | 86.3 ± 77.8 | 124.9 ± 94.9† |
| Hospitalization | 3.4 ± 3.2 | 3.0 ± 2.7 | 3.8 ± 3.6* | 2.6 ± 2.2 | 4.3 ± 4.0† | 3.1 ± 3.0 | 4.1 ± 3.7* |
| Length of Stay | 20.7 ± 26.4 | 17.8 ± 24.6 | 23.4 ± 27.6* | 16.0 ± 21.8 | 26.3 ± 30.0† | 18.2 ± 23.2 | 27.4 ± 33.0* |
| ED visit | 1.8 ± 3.4 | 1.5 ± 2.6 | 2.1 ± 4.0 | 1.3 ± 2.4 | 2.4 ± 4.2† | 1.6 ± 2.9 | 2.4 ± 4.4* |
| n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | |
| Gender (male) | 317(54.5) | 182(64.5) | 135(45.0)† | 185(58.2) | 132(50.0)* | 257 (59.9) | 60(39.2)† |
| Race (Caucasian) | 298(51.2) | 141(50.0) | 157(52.3) | 156(49.1) | 142(53.8) | 203(47.3) | 95(62.1)* |
| NYHA (II) | 480(82.5) | 238(84.4) | 242(80.7) | 263(82.7) | 217(82.2) | 349(81.4) | 131(85.6) |
| ACE inhibitors | 271(46.6) | 127(45.0) | 144(48.0) | 149(46.9) | 122(46.2) | 201(46.9) | 70(45.8) |
| Beta-blockers | 367(63.1) | 184(65.2) | 183(61.0) | 204(64.2) | 163(61.7) | 273(63.6) | 94(61.4) |
| Antidepressants | 241 (41.4) | 119 (42.2) | 122 (40.7) | 135(42.5) | 106(40.2) | 185 (43.1) | 56(36.6) |
| DM | 305(52.4) | 139(49.3) | 166(55.3) | 169(53.1) | 136(51.5) | 223(52.0) | 82(53.6) |
| MI | 223(38.3) | 119(42.2) | 104(34.7) | 112(35.2) | 111(42.0) | 171(39.9) | 52(34.0) |
| CPHD | 85(14.6) | 28(9.9) | 57(19.0)* | 42(13.2) | 43(16.3) | 62(14.5) | 23(15.0) |
| Renal disease | 389(66.8) | 175(62.1) | 214(71.3)* | 202(63.5) | 187(70.8) | 284(66.2) | 105(68.6) |
| CVD | 155(26.6) | 64(22.7) | 91(30.3)* | 66(20.8) | 89(33.7)† | 106(24.7) | 49(32.0) |
| Cancer | 145(24.9) | 66(23.4) | 79(26.3) | 54(17.0) | 91(34.5)† | 96(22.4) | 49(32.0)* |
| Mortality | 217 (37.3) | 104 (36.9) | 113 (37.7) | 116(36.5) | 101(38.3) | 160(37.3) | 57(37.3) |
| Depression | 153(26.3) | 63(22.3) | 90(30.0)* | 62 (19.5) | 91(34.5)† | N/A | N/A |
| Fatigue | 264 (45.4) | 122 (43.3) | 142 (47.3) | N/A | N/A | 173(40.3) | 91(59.5)† |
*
p < .05.
†
p < .001.
ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. BMI, body mass index. BP, blood pressure. CI, confidence interval. CPHD, Chronic pulmonary heart disease. CVD, Cerebrovascular Disease. DBP, diastolic blood pressure. DM, diabetes mellitus. ED visit, hospitalization, and mortality, number of emergency department visit, hospitalization, and death between 1/1/2010 and 12/31/2012. LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction. MI, myocardial infarction. NYHA, New York Heart Association functional class. SBP, systolic blood pressure. SD, standard deviation. All lab tests were based on serum. Monocyte for patients without and with fatigue: 0.74 ± .29 vs. .68 ± .24.