Table 1.
Descriptive statistics and univariable logistic regression results identifying demographic risk factors of osteosarcoma in UK dogs
| Variable | P-Value for Variable | Category | Case No. (%) | Non-case No. (%) | OR* | 95% CI** | P-value for Category |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Purebred Status | < 0.001 | Crossbred | 300 (17.1) | 197,549 (21.8) | Base | ||
| Purebred | 1429 (81.4) | 703,601 (77.7) | 1.34 | 1.18–1.51 | < 0.001 | ||
| Purebred status unrecorded | 27 (1.5) | 4061 (0.4) | 4.38 | 2.95–6.5 | < 0.001 | ||
| Breed | < 0.001 | Crossbred | 300 (17.1) | 197,549 (21.8) | Base | ||
| Rhodesian Ridgeback | 29 (1.7) | 1495 (0.2) | 12.77 | 8.70–18.76 | < 0.001 | ||
| Rottweiler | 139 (7.9) | 7223 (0.8) | 12.67 | 10.35–15.52 | < 0.001 | ||
| Greyhound (Unspecified) | 103 (5.9) | 5511 (0.6) | 12.31 | 9.82–15.42 | < 0.001 | ||
| Great Dane | 19 (1.1) | 1258 (0.1) | 9.95 | 6.23–15.86 | < 0.001 | ||
| German Pointer | 21 (1.2) | 1578 (0.2) | 8.76 | 5.61–13.68 | < 0.001 | ||
| Mastiff (Unspecified) | 35 (2.0) | 3096 (0.3) | 7.44 | 5.24–10.58 | < 0.001 | ||
| Pinscher (Unspecified) | 29 (1.7) | 2566 (0.3) | 7.44 | 5.07–10.92 | < 0.001 | ||
| Lurcher | 53 (3.0) | 6016 (0.7) | 5.8 | 4.33–7.78 | < 0.001 | ||
| Breed not recorded | 27 (1.5) | 4061 (0.4) | 4.38 | 2.95–6.50 | < 0.001 | ||
| Golden Retriever | 65 (3.7) | 9785 (1.1) | 4.37 | 3.34–5.72 | < 0.001 | ||
| Collie (Unspecified) | 13 (0.7) | 1983 (0.2) | 4.32 | 2.47–7.54 | < 0.001 | ||
| Fox Terrier | 5 (0.3) | 1013 (0.1) | 3.25 | 1.34–7.88 | 0.009 | ||
| Weimaraner | 11 (0.6) | 2414 (0.3) | 3.00 | 1.64–5.48 | < 0.001 | ||
| Standard Poodle | 5 (0.3) | 1128 (0.1) | 2.92 | 1.20–7.08 | 0.018 | ||
| Labrador Retriever | 260 (14.8) | 59,925 (6.6) | 2.86 | 2.42–3.37 | < 0.001 | ||
| Akita (Unspecified) | 8 (0.5) | 2037 (0.2) | 2.59 | 1.28–5.23 | 0.008 | ||
| Poodle (Unspecified) | 4 (0.2) | 1050 (0.1) | 2.51 | 0.93–6.74 | 0.068 | ||
| Boxer | 35 (2.0) | 9438 (1.0) | 2.44 | 1.72–3.47 | < 0.001 | ||
| Scottish Terrier | 5 (0.3) | 1455 (0.2) | 2.26 | 0.93–5.48 | 0.071 | ||
| German Shepherd Dog | 65 (3.7) | 21,360 (2.4) | 2.00 | 1.53–2.62 | < 0.001 | ||
| Tibetan Terrier | 5 (0.3) | 1870 (0.2) | 1.76 | 0.73–4.27 | 0.210 | ||
| Hungarian Vizsla | 5 (0.3) | 1976 (0.2) | 1.67 | 0.69–4.04 | 0.258 | ||
| American Bulldog | 8 (0.5) | 3225 (0.4) | 1.63 | 0.81–3.3 | 0.171 | ||
| Cairn Terrier | 6 (0.3) | 2470 (0.3) | 1.60 | 0.71–3.59 | 0.255 | ||
| Dogue de Bordeaux | 7 (0.4) | 3030 (0.3) | 1.52 | 0.72–3.22 | 0.273 | ||
| Labradoodle | 17 (1.0) | 7595 (0.8) | 1.47 | 0.90–2.40 | 0.120 | ||
| Alaskan Malamute | 4 (0.2) | 1915 (0.2) | 1.38 | 0.51–3.69 | 0.527 | ||
| Dalmatian | 5 (0.3) | 2720 (0.3) | 1.21 | 0.50–2.93 | 0.672 | ||
| English Springer Spaniel | 30 (1.7) | 20,198 (2.2) | 0.98 | 0.67–1.42 | 0.908 | ||
| Whippet | 7 (0.4) | 4684 (0.5) | 0.98 | 0.46–2.08 | 0.967 | ||
| Border Collie | 29 (1.7) | 22,403 (2.5) | 0.85 | 0.58–1.25 | 0.412 | ||
| Bulldog (Unspecified) | 4 (0.2) | 3232 (0.4) | 0.81 | 0.30–2.19 | 0.685 | ||
| Staffordshire Bull Terrier | 63 (3.6) | 53,934 (6.0) | 0.77 | 0.59–1.01 | 0.058 | ||
| Other Purebred | 223 (12.7) | 206,227 (22.8) | 0.71 | 0.60–0.85 | < 0.001 | ||
| West Highland White Terrier | 20 (1.1) | 18,875 (2.1) | 0.70 | 0.44–1.10 | 0.119 | ||
| Cocker Spaniel | 25 (1.4) | 33,073 (3.7) | 0.50 | 0.33–0.75 | 0.001 | ||
| Beagle | 6 (0.3) | 8070 (0.9) | 0.49 | 0.22–1.10 | 0.083 | ||
| Jack Russell Terrier | 33 (1.9) | 48,569 (5.4) | 0.45 | 0.31–0.64 | < 0.001 | ||
| Border Terrier | 6 (0.3) | 9651 (1.1) | 0.41 | 0.18–0.92 | 0.030 | ||
| Bichon Frise | 7 (0.4) | 13,268 (1.5) | 0.35 | 0.16–0.74 | 0.006 | ||
| Husky | 4 (0.2) | 8524 (0.9) | 0.31 | 0.12–0.83 | 0.020 | ||
| Cavalier King Charles Spaniel | 7 (0.4) | 17,257 (1.9) | 0.27 | 0.13–0.57 | 0.001 | ||
| French Bulldog | 4 (0.2) | 16,397 (1.8) | 0.16 | 0.06–0.43 | < 0.001 | ||
| Shar-Pei | NA (NA) | 3647 (0.4) | |||||
| Cavachon | NA (NA) | 3535 (0.4) | |||||
| Maltese | NA (NA) | 3248 (0.4) | |||||
| Cavapoo | NA (NA) | 4035 (0.4) | |||||
| Cockapoo | NA (NA) | 18,260 (2.0) | |||||
| King Charles Spaniel | NA (NA) | 2813 (0.3) | |||||
| Sprocker | NA (NA) | 3338 (0.4) | |||||
| Miniature Poodle | NA (NA) | 2415 (0.3) | |||||
| Boston Terrier | NA (NA) | 1799 (0.2) | |||||
| Chow Chow | NA (NA) | 1002 (0.1) | |||||
| Dachshund (Unspecified) | NA (NA) | 1692 (0.2) | |||||
| Goldendoodle | NA (NA) | 1128 (0.1) | |||||
| Jackapoo | NA (NA) | 1362 (0.2) | |||||
| Jug | NA (NA) | 1967 (0.2) | |||||
| Miniature Yorkshire Terrier | NA (NA) | 1560 (0.2) | |||||
| Puggle | NA (NA) | 1173 (0.1) | |||||
| Standard Dachshund | NA (NA) | 1133 (0.1) | |||||
| KC Breed Group | < 0.001 | Toy | 26 (1.5) | 131,897 (14.6) | Base | ||
| Gundog | 484 (27.6) | 135,606 (15.0) | 18.11 | 12.20–26.87 | < 0.001 | ||
| Hound | 164 (9.3) | 31,364 (3.5) | 26.53 | 17.54–40.13 | < 0.001 | ||
| Not KC Recognised | 390 (22.2) | 263,616 (29.1) | 7.51 | 5.05–11.16 | < 0.001 | ||
| Pastoral | 144 (8.2) | 51,675 (5.7) | 14.14 | 9.31–21.47 | < 0.001 | ||
| Terrier | 153 (8.7) | 145,828 (16.1) | 5.32 | 3.51–8.07 | < 0.001 | ||
| Utility | 46 (2.6) | 102,627 (11.3) | 2.27 | 1.41–3.68 | 0.001 | ||
| Body mass (kg) | < 0.001 | < 10 | 89 (5.1) | 213,321 (23.6) | Base | ||
| 10–19.9 | 435 (24.8) | 167,774 (18.5) | 6.21 | 4.95–7.81 | < 0.001 | ||
| 20–29.9 | 392 (22.3) | 117,620 (13.0) | 7.99 | 6.35–10.06 | < 0.001 | ||
| 30–39.9 | 522 (29.7) | 69,856 (7.7) | 17.91 | 14.30–22.43 | < 0.001 | ||
| > 40 | 231 (13.2) | 26,178 (2.9) | 21.15 | 16.56–27.02 | < 0.001 | ||
| Body mass Unrecorded | 87 (5.0) | 310,462 (34.3) | 0.67 | 0.50–0.90 | 0.008 | ||
| Age (y) | < 0.001 | < 3 | 101 (5.8) | 329,270 (36.4) | Base | ||
| 3 to < 6 | 204 (11.6) | 223,344 (24.7) | 2.98 | 2.35–3.78 | < 0.001 | ||
| 6 to < 9 | 589 (33.5) | 162,000 (17.9) | 11.85 | 9.60–14.64 | < 0.001 | ||
| 9 to < 12 | 589 (33.5) | 108,448 (12.0) | 17.71 | 14.34–21.87 | < 0.001 | ||
| > 12 | 188 (10.7) | 69,726 (7.7) | 8.79 | 6.90–11.20 | < 0.001 | ||
| Age Unrecorded | 85 (4.8) | 12,423 (1.4) | 22.31 | 16.71–29.78 | < 0.001 | ||
| Sex/Neuter Status | < 0.001 | Female Entire | 41 (2.3) | 233,772 (25.8) | Base | ||
| Female Neutered | 507 (28.9) | 197,768 (21.8) | 14.62 | 10.63–20.10 | < 0.001 | ||
| Male Entire | 59 (3.4) | 259,460 (28.7) | 1.30 | 0.87–1.93 | 0.202 | ||
| Male Neutered | 574 (32.7) | 209,982 (23.2) | 15.59 | 11.35–21.4 | < 0.001 | ||
| Sex Unrecorded | 575 (32.7) | 4229 (0.5) | 775.24 | 563.91–1065.77 | < 0.001 | ||
| Dachshund Status | < 0.001 | Non-Dachshund-type | 1426 (81.2) | 696,999 (77.0) | Base | ||
| Dachshund-type | 3 (0.2) | 10,288 (1.1) | 0.14 | 0.05–0.44 | 0.001 | ||
| Dachshund Status Unrecorded | 327 (18.6) | 197,924 (21.9) | 0.81 | 0.72–0.91 | < 0.001 | ||
| Spaniel Status | < 0.001 | Non-Spaniel-type | 1360 (77.4) | 630,349 (69.6) | Base | ||
| Spaniel-type | 69 (3.9) | 76,938 (8.5) | 0.42 | 0.33–0.53 | < 0.001 | ||
| Spaniel Status Unrecorded | 327 (18.6) | 197,924 (21.9) | 0.77 | 0.68–0.86 | < 0.001 | ||
| Chondrodystrophy Status | Non-Chondrodystriphic | 1165 (66.3) | 290,490 (32.1) | Base | |||
| Chondrodystrophic | 165 (9.4) | 331,858 (36.7) | 0.12 | 0.11–0.15 | < 0.001 | ||
| Chondrodystrophy Unrecorded | 426 (24.3) | 282,863 (31.2) | 0.38 | 0.34–0.42 | < 0.001 | ||
| Skull Shape | < 0.001 | Mesocephalic | 982 (55.9) | 452,296 (50.0) | Base | ||
| Brachycephalic | 106 (6.0) | 166,883 (18.4) | 0.29 | 0.24–0.36 | < 0.001 | ||
| Dolichocephalic | 341 (19.4) | 75,770 (8.4) | 2.07 | 1.83–2.35 | < 0.001 | ||
| Skull Shape Unrecorded | 327 (18.6) | 210,262 (23.2) | 0.72 | 0.63–0.81 | < 0.001 |
Legend: Descriptive statistics and univariable logistic regression results calculated using cases submitted to VPG Histology between 2008 and 2020, and controls enrolled in the VetCompass™ programme during 2016. Percentages represent percentage of the total study population. The breed percentages separated by case and non-case are listed in Supplementary Data Table S1. Results determine associations between demographic risk factors and osteosarcoma diagnosis in UK dogs. *OR Odds ratio **CI Confidence interval