Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 10.
Published in final edited form as: Neuropharmacology. 2021 Jan 5;185:108444. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108444

Figure 12. Triple anti-epileptic drug combination therapy (midazolam-ketamine-valproate) reduced neuronal cell death following soman (GD)-induced seizure.

Figure 12.

Valproate (VALP; 90 mg/kg; IP) was administered alone or combination with midazolam (MDZ; 3 mg/kg), ketamine (KET; 30 mg/kg), or KET+MDZ 40 min after GD-induced (118.1 µg/kg, SC) seizure onset and compared with no agent (No GD) control rats. Brain samples were processed for immunohistochemistry with NeuN antibody to visualize mature neurons. (A) Rats treated with triple therapy (GD+MDZ/KET/VALP) had significantly greater NeuN-positive (NeuN+) cells compared to rats treated with MDZ, VALP, MDZ/VALP, or KET/VALP in both the medial thalamus and the piriform cortex. Data shown are mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, compared to No GD (B) Representative images in the thalamus (left) and piriform cortex (right) are shown for brain tissue stained with NeuN.