Table 2.
Multivariate Cox regression analysis of total cholesterol levels with cause-specific mortality
| Event/total | Event rate/ 1000 person-years | Model I | Model II | Model III | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95%CI), P-value | HR (95%CI), P-value | HR (95%CI), P-value | |||
| All-cause mortality | |||||
| Total cholesterol (per 1 mmol/L increment) | 2570/30,687 | 10.20 | 1.06 (1.03, 1.10) 0.0006 | 0.94 (0.90, 0.97) 0.0008 | 0.92 (0.89, 0.96) 0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol group, mg/dL | |||||
| < 120 | 36/385 | 12.82 | 1.45 (1.04, 2.02) 0.0300 | 2.13 (1.53, 2.98) < 0.0001 | 1.97 (1.38, 2.83) 0.0002 |
| 120–159 | 362/4782 | 10.08 | 1.14 (1.01, 1.29) 0.0410 | 1.36 (1.20, 1.53) < 0.0001 | 1.35 (1.18, 1.53) < 0.0001 |
| 160–199 | 828/11,364 | 9.02 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 200–239 | 860/9486 | 10.70 | 1.17 (1.07, 1.29) 0.0010 | 0.94 (0.86, 1.04) 0.2232 | 0.93 (0.84, 1.03) 0.1558 |
| 240–279 | 348/3552 | 11.24 | 1.23 (1.08, 1.39) 0.0013 | 0.95 (0.84, 1.08) 0.4232 | 0.88 (0.77, 1.00) 0.0590 |
| ≥ 280 | 136/1118 | 13.29 | 1.43 (1.19, 1.72) 0.0001 | 1.16 (0.96, 1.39) 0.1188 | 1.07 (0.88, 1.29) 0.5114 |
| P for trend | 0.002 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| Cardiovascular mortality | |||||
| Total cholesterol (per 1 mmol/L increment) | 487/30,687 | 1.93 | 1.18 (1.09, 1.27) < 0.0001 | 1.07 (0.98, 1.17) 0.1125 | 1.05 (0.96, 1.15) 0.2730 |
| Total cholesterol group, mg/dL | |||||
| < 120 | 2/385 | 0.71 | 0.43 (0.11, 1.72) 0.2320 | 0.62 (0.15, 2.51) 0.5061 | 0.60 (0.15, 2.42) 0.4692 |
| 120–159 | 55/4782 | 1.53 | 0.92 (0.68, 1.25) 0.5933 | 1.07 (0.79, 1.46) 0.6622 | 1.01 (0.73, 1.40) 0.9466 |
| 160–199 | 155/11,364 | 1.69 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 200–239 | 170/9486 | 2.12 | 1.24 (1.00, 1.55) 0.0498 | 1.00 (0.81, 1.25) 0.9789 | 0.98 (0.78, 1.23) 0.8393 |
| 240–279 | 74/3552 | 2.39 | 1.40 (1.06, 1.85) 0.0175 | 1.11 (0.84, 1.46) 0.4804 | 1.02 (0.76, 1.37) 0.8938 |
| ≥ 280 | 31/1118 | 3.03 | 1.76 (1.19, 2.58) 0.0043 | 1.46 (0.99, 2.15) 0.0576 | 1.31 (0.87, 1.97) 0.2034 |
| P for trend | < 0.001 | 0.208 | 0.410 | ||
| Cancer mortality | |||||
| Total cholesterol (per 1 mmol/L increment) | 564/30,687 | 2.24 | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) 0.4600 | 0.93 (0.86, 1.01) 0.0764 | 0.93 (0.85, 1.01) 0.0909 |
| Total cholesterol group, mg/dL | |||||
| < 120 | 9/385 | 3.21 | 1.51 (0.78, 2.95) 0.2243 | 2.07 (1.06, 4.03) 0.0335 | 2.39 (1.21, 4.71) 0.0121 |
| 120–159 | 76/4782 | 2.20 | 1.00 (0.77, 1.30) 0.9857 | 1.17 (0.90, 1.52) 0.2465 | 1.18 (0.89, 1.56) 0.2492 |
| 160–199 | 198/11,364 | 2.16 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 200–239 | 181/9486 | 2.25 | 1.03 (0.85, 1.27) 0.7409 | 0.87 (0.71, 1.06) 0.1743 | 0.85 (0.69, 1.05) 0.1294 |
| 240–279 | 69/3552 | 2.23 | 1.02 (0.77, 1.34) 0.8973 | 0.84 (0.64, 1.11) 0.2248 | 0.85 (0.64, 1.13) 0.2548 |
| ≥ 280 | 31/1118 | 3.03 | 1.37 (0.94, 2.00) 0.1042 | 1.19 (0.81, 1.74) 0.3660 | 1.22 (0.82, 1.79) 0.3276 |
| P for trend | 0.473 | 0.050 | 0.061 | ||
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval
Model I adjust for none
Model II adjust for age, gender, and race
Model III adjust for age, gender, race, education level, married, smoking, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, energy intake, comorbidities (hypertension, and diabetes), and medication use (antihypertensive drugs, hypoglycemic agents, and lipid-lowering drugs)