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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Biomed Eng. 2020 Oct 14;16:61–71. doi: 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.100250

Figure 4. Optogenetic control to build designer tissue.

Figure 4.

(A) Lithographic photopatterning can grant 4D control over biomolecule distribution within hydrogels, allowing creation of biochemically heterogeneous microenvironments. (B) Light activatible control over material cross-linking and stiffness allows dynamic modulation of mechanical stimuli. (C) Optogenetic control over signaling nodes allow control over timing and location of differentiation within a population. (D) Co-culture of light responsive and wild-type cells can be used to drive divergent responses in each subpopulation and activate self-organizational programs. (E) Optogenetic control over molecular, cell, or issue behavior can be driven to user-defined set-points through measuring system response and implementing light-enacted feedback control. (F) Optogenetic methods could interface with synthetic patterning and self-assembly strategies to guide patterning circuit behavior in tissues.