Table 4.
Sex-specific changes in executive function scoresa per with an interquartile range increase (IQR) increase in phthalate metabolitesb and the interaction term p-values from fully adjusted linear regression models with inverse probability weightsc (N = 310).
| MBzP (IQR: 7.17 ng/ml) | MiBP (IQR: 19.39 ng/ml) | MnBP (IQR: 22.93) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boys | Girls | p | Boys | Girls | p | Boys | Girls | p | |
| Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function Preschool (teacher) | |||||||||
| Emotional control | 1.50 (0.27, 2.73) | 0.90 (−0.47, 2.26) | 0.52 | −0.11 (−1.12, 0.90) | 0.20 (−0.65, 1.06) | 0.64 | 0.10 (−0.87, 1.06) | 0.98 (−0.44, 2.41) | 0.31 |
| Inhibition | 1.39 (−0.02, 2.79) | −0.55 (−2.12, 1.01) | 0.07 | 0.14 (−1.00, 1.28) | −0.65 (−1.62, 0.31) | 0.30 | 0.51 (−0.58, 1.60) | −1.57 (−3.19, 0.05) | 0.04 |
| Working memory | 0.92 (−0.41, 2.25) | 1.4 (−0.08, 2.87) | 0.64 | −1.33 (−2.40, −0.26) | 0.69 (−0.22, 1.59) | <0.01 | −0.52 (−1.56, 0.51) | 1.00 (−0.54, 2.54) | 0.11 |
| Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function Preschool (parent) | |||||||||
| Emotional control | 2.51 (1.47, 3.55) | 0.67 (−0.46, 1.81) | 0.02 | 2.16 (1.32, 2.99) | −0.03 (−0.74, 0.68) | <0.01 | 2.04 (1.23, 2.84) | 0.48 (−0.72, 1.67) | 0.03 |
| Inhibition | 1.50 (0.20, 2.81) | 0.41 (−1.02, 1.83) | 0.26 | 1.88 (0.84, 2.92) | −0.15 (−1.04, 0.74) | <0.01 | 2.74 (1.77, 3.72) | −0.63 (−2.08, 0.83) | <0.01 |
| Working memory | 1.52 (0.14, 2.90) | 0.88 (−0.62, 2.39) | 0.53 | 0.95 (−0.17, 2.06) | −0.29 (−1.24, 0.66) | 0.10 | 2.91 (1.89, 3.94) | −1.72 (−3.25, −0.19) | <0.01 |
| Stanford-Binet IV (child) | |||||||||
| Non-verbal working memory | 0.14 (0.01, 0.27) | 0.24 (0.09, 0.38) | 0.32 | 0.17 (0.06, 0.28) | −0.05 (−0.15, 0.04) | <0.01 | 0.16 (0.06, 0.27) | −0.16 (−0.31, −0.01) | <0.01 |
| Verbal working memory | 0.17 (0.03, 0.31) | 0.03 (−0.18, 0.25) | 0.28 | 0.06 (−0.05, 0.17) | 0.05 (−0.07, 0.16) | 0.87 | 0.04 (−0.07, 0.14) | 0.13 (−0.03, 0.29) | 0.37 |
| Cookie Delay Task (child) | |||||||||
| Self-control | 0.03 (−0.10, 0.17) | 0.11 (−0.03, 0.26) | 0.42 | 0.02 (−0.08, 0.13) | −0.02 (−0.11, 0.07) | 0.51 | 0.29 (0.19, 0.39) | −0.003 (−0.15, 0.15) | <0.01 |
| A Developmental NEuroPSYchological Assessment - Statue Task (child) | |||||||||
| Inhibition | 0.09 (−0.04, 0.23) | 0.27 (0.13, 0.42) | 0.07 | −0.18 (−0.29, −0.08) | 0.12 (0.01, 0.24) | <0.01 | 0.14 (0.04, 0.24) | 0.11 (−0.06, 0.27) | 0.71 |
| MEP (IQR: 213.15) | Σ DEHP metabolites (IQR: 0.26 mol/L) | Σ DiNP metabolites (IQR: 0.01 mol/L) | |||||||
| Boys | Girls | p | Boys | Girls | p | Boys | Girls | p | |
| Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function Preschool (parent) | |||||||||
| Emotional control | −0.01 (−0.48, 0.45) | 0.71 (0.12, 1.29) | 0.05 | 0.3 (−0.2, 0.79) | 0.29 (−1.21, 1.79) | 0.99 | 0.2 (−0.24, 0.63) | 0.07 (−0.34, 0.49) | 0.70 |
| Inhibition | −0.52 (−1.09, 0.05) | 0.2 (−0.52, 0.92) | 0.11 | −0.13 (−0.74, 0.48) | −0.62 (−2.47, 1.22) | 0.62 | 0.18 (−0.36, 0.71) | 0.51 (0, 1.01) | 0.38 |
| Working memory | −0.66 (−1.26, −0.07) | 0.52 (−0.23, 1.28) | 0.01 | −0.31 (−0.94, 0.33) | −2.46 (−4.39, −0.53) | 0.04 | 0.18 (−0.39, 0.75) | −0.13 (−0.67, 0.41) | 0.44 |
| Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function Preschool (teacher) | |||||||||
| Emotional control | −0.23 (−0.77, 0.3) | 0.67 (−0.01, 1.34) | 0.03 | 0.16 (−0.41, 0.73) | −1.21 (−2.94, 0.52) | 0.14 | −0.04 (−0.54, 0.46) | −0.5 (−0.98, −0.03) | 0.19 |
| Inhibition | 0.05 (−0.56, 0.66) | −0.42 (−1.19, 0.35) | 0.33 | −0.55 (−1.2, 0.09) | −1.04 (−2.99, 0.92) | 0.65 | 0.02 (−0.55, 0.59) | −0.03 (−0.57, 0.52) | 0.90 |
| Working memory | 0.04 (−0.54, 0.61) | −0.4 (−1.13, 0.33) | 0.35 | −0.77 (−1.38, −0.16) | −0.89 (−2.74, 0.95) | 0.90 | 0.06 (−0.48, 0.6) | −0.27 (−0.79, 0.24) | 0.38 |
| Stanford-Binet IV (child) | |||||||||
| Non-verbal working memory | 0.04 (−0.02, 0.1) | −0.05 (−0.13, 0.02) | 0.05 | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.04) | 0.06 (−0.13, 0.25) | 0.39 | −0.04 (−0.09, 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.06, 0.04) | 0.50 |
| Verbal working memory | −0.09 (−0.16, −0.03) | −0.04 (−0.12, 0.04) | 0.25 | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.04) | −0.05 (−0.26, 0.16) | 0.81 | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.04) | −0.001 (−0.05, 0.05) | 0.67 |
| Cookie Delay Task (child) | |||||||||
| Self-control | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.04) | 0.002 (−0.07, 0.07) | 0.74 | −0.06 (−0.12, −0.004) | 0.17 (−0.02, 0.35) | 0.02 | −0.01 (−0.06, 0.05) | −0.04 (−0.09, 0.01) | 0.40 |
| A Developmental NEuroPSYchological Assessment - Statue Task (child) | |||||||||
| Inhibition | 0.1 (0.04, 0.15) | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.05) | 0.007 | −0.04 (−0.1, 0.02) | 0.08 (−0.12, 0.28) | 0.24 | −0.02 (−0.08, 0.03) | −0.03 (−0.08, 0.03) | 0.94 |
All scores of child assessment modified to have a mean of 0, standard deviation of 1, and higher scores to indicate worse executive function.
Specific gravity and batch effect adjusted.
All models adjusted for maternal Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, BMI, age at delivery, parity, child birth year, and child sex.
Abbreviations: MBzP: Monobenzyl phthalate; MnBP: Mono-n-butyl phthalate; MiBP: Monoisobutyl phthalate.
Abbreviations: MEP: Monoethyl phthalate; DEHP: Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; DiNP: Diisononyl phthalate; ∑DEHP: molar sum of mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, mono (2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate, and mono-2-methylcarboxyhexyl phthalate; ∑DiNP: molar sum of mono-4-methyl-7-hydroxyoctyl phthalate, mono-4-methyl-7oxooctyl phthalate, mono-4-methyl-7-carboxyheptyl phthalate, oxo-DiNP, and ch-DiNP.