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. 2021 Mar 9;7(3):e24843. doi: 10.2196/24843

Table 3.

Univariate and multivariate analysis of predictors for the early improvement of acute respiratory distress syndrome (eiARDS) in patients with COVID-19 in Chongqing, China (from January 21 to March 15, 2020).

Characteristic eiARDS (n=18) Non-eiARDS (n=38) Relative risk (95% CI) P value
Demographic and clinical characteristics
Age (years)a, n (%)
≥55 6 (33.3) 26 (68.4) 1 (reference) b
<55 (univariate) 12 (66.7) 12 (31.6) 2.67 (1.17-6.08) .02
<55 (multivariate) 2.36 (1.05-5.23) .04
Male sex (vs female), n (%) 12 (66.7) 19 (50.0) 1.61 (0.71-3.70) .26
Time of symptom onset to intensive care unit admission, median (days) 7.5 8 1.02 (0.92-1.14) .69
Smoking, n (%) 4 (22.2) 4 (10.5) 1.71 (0.75-3.90) .20
Hypertension, n (%) 2 (11.2) 7 (18.4) 0.65 (0.18-2.36) .52
Diabetes, n (%) 4 (22.2) 9 (26.3) 0.86 (0.34-2.18) .75
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) 1 (5.6) 3 (7.9) 0.77 (0.13-4.36) .76
APACHE IIc, median 6.5 9 0.90 (0.76-1.05) .17
SOFAd, median 4 3 0.97 (0.67-1.42) .89
Temperature, n (%)
<37.3 °C 15 (83.3) 18 (47.4) 1 (reference)
≥37.3 °C (univariate) 3 (16.7) 20 (52.6) 0.33 (0.11-1.02) .054
Heart rate per min, n (%)
<100 13 (72.2) 33 (86.8) 1 (reference)
≥100 5 (27.8) 5 (13.2) 1.77 (0.82-3.83) .15
Respiratory rate per min, n (%)
<30 15 (83.3) 37 (97.4) 1 (reference)
≥30 3 (16.7) 1 (2.6) 1.17 (0.48-2.86) .73
Systolic pressure, n (%)
<140 mm Hg 16 (88.9) 35 (92.1) 1 (reference)
≥140 mm Hg 2 (11.1) 3 (7.9) 1.28 (0.41-4.02) .68
Ventilation (vs non) 2 (11.1) 5 (13.2) 0.88 (0.25-3.02) .83
Proportion of pneumonia volume, median 17.6 20.3 0.98 (0.94-1.02) .28
Laboratory findings
pH, n (%)
7.35-7.45 4 (22.2) 12 (31.6) 1 (reference)
>7.45 14 (77.8) 26 (65.8) 1.44 (0.56-3.70) .45
PaCO2e, n (%)
34-45 mm Hg 9 (50.0) 21 (55.3) 1 (reference)
≤34 mm Hg 8 (44.4) 17 (44.7) 1.07 (0.48-2.35) .87
PaO2f, n (%)
≥60 mm Hg 14 (77.8) 23 (60.5) 1 (reference)
<60 mm Hg 4 (22.2) 15 (39.5) 0.56 (0.21-1.46) .23
White blood cell count (×109/L)a, n (%)
<4 (univariate) 7 (38.9) 6 (16.2) 2.21 (1.04-4.73) .04
<4 (multivariate) 1.94 (0.97-3.86) .06
4-10 9 (50.0) 28 (75.7) 1 (reference)
>10 (univariate) 2 (11.1) 3 (8.1) 1.64 (0.49-5.54) .42
>10 (multivariate) 1.37 (0.48-3.89) .55
Lymphocyte (×109), median 0.8 0.8 2.18 (0.79-6.02) .13
Platelet (×109/L), n (%)
≥100 16 (88.9) 35 (94.6) 1 (reference)
<100 2 (11.1) 2 (5.4) 1.59 (0.55-4.60) .39
Potassium, n (%)
3.5-4.5 mmol/L 14 (77.8) 25 (67.6) 1 (reference)
<3.5 mmol/L 3 (16.7) 11 (29.7) 0.61 (0.21-1.82) .38
Sodium, n (%)
135-145 mmol/L 10 (55.6) 20 (54.1) 1 (reference)
<135 mmol/L 8 (44.4) 16 (43.2) 1.00 (0.47-2.14) >.99
Albumin, n (%)
≥40 g/L 3 (17.6) 4 (10.8) 1 (reference)
<40 g/L 14 (82.4) 33 (89.2) 0.70 (0.27-1.82) .46
Total bilirubin, n (%)
≤17.1 μmol/L 10 (55.6) 27 (71.1) 1 (reference)
>17.1 μmol/L 8 (44.4) 11 (28.9) 1.56 (0.74-3.29) .25
Alanine aminotransferase, n (%)
≤40 U/L 13 (72.2) 23 (60.5) 1 (reference)
>40 U/L 5 (27.8) 15 (39.5) 0.69 (0.29-1.66) .41
Creatine kinase, n (%)
≤200 U/L 13 (81.2) 28 (75.7) 1 (reference)
>200 U/L 3 (18.8) 9 (24.3) 0.67 (0.27-2.32) .79
High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T, n (%)
≤0.014 ng/mL 9 (90.0) 19 (86.4) 1 (reference)
>0.014 ng/mL 1 (10.0) 3 (13.6) 0.78 (0.13-4.62) .78
D-dimer, n (%)
≤0.55 μg/L 9 (81.8) 15 (39.5) 1 (reference)
>0.55 μg/L 2 (18.2) 23 (60.5) 0.96 (0.40-2.33) .93
Procalcitonin, n (%)
≤0.046 ng/ml 8 (53.3) 6 (16.7) 1 (reference)
>0.046 ng/ml 7 (46.7) 30 (83.3) 0.49 (0.23-1.05) .07
High-sensitivity C reaction protein (mg/L), median 44.6 95.2 0.99 (0.98-1.00) .07

aTwo variables (age, white blood cell count) were chosen for multivariable analysis.

bNot applicable.

cAPACHE: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation.

dSOFA: sequential organ failure assessment.

ePaCO2: arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

fPaO2: arterial partial pressure of oxygen.