Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate analysis of predictors for the early improvement of acute respiratory distress syndrome (eiARDS) in patients with COVID-19 in Chongqing, China (from January 21 to March 15, 2020).
| Characteristic | eiARDS (n=18) | Non-eiARDS (n=38) | Relative risk (95% CI) | P value | ||
| Demographic and clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Age (years)a, n (%) | ||||||
| ≥55 | 6 (33.3) | 26 (68.4) | 1 (reference) | —b | ||
| <55 (univariate) | 12 (66.7) | 12 (31.6) | 2.67 (1.17-6.08) | .02 | ||
| <55 (multivariate) | — | — | 2.36 (1.05-5.23) | .04 | ||
| Male sex (vs female), n (%) | 12 (66.7) | 19 (50.0) | 1.61 (0.71-3.70) | .26 | ||
| Time of symptom onset to intensive care unit admission, median (days) | 7.5 | 8 | 1.02 (0.92-1.14) | .69 | ||
| Smoking, n (%) | 4 (22.2) | 4 (10.5) | 1.71 (0.75-3.90) | .20 | ||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 2 (11.2) | 7 (18.4) | 0.65 (0.18-2.36) | .52 | ||
| Diabetes, n (%) | 4 (22.2) | 9 (26.3) | 0.86 (0.34-2.18) | .75 | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 1 (5.6) | 3 (7.9) | 0.77 (0.13-4.36) | .76 | ||
| APACHE IIc, median | 6.5 | 9 | 0.90 (0.76-1.05) | .17 | ||
| SOFAd, median | 4 | 3 | 0.97 (0.67-1.42) | .89 | ||
| Temperature, n (%) | ||||||
| <37.3 °C | 15 (83.3) | 18 (47.4) | 1 (reference) | — | ||
| ≥37.3 °C (univariate) | 3 (16.7) | 20 (52.6) | 0.33 (0.11-1.02) | .054 | ||
| Heart rate per min, n (%) | ||||||
| <100 | 13 (72.2) | 33 (86.8) | 1 (reference) | — | ||
| ≥100 | 5 (27.8) | 5 (13.2) | 1.77 (0.82-3.83) | .15 | ||
| Respiratory rate per min, n (%) | ||||||
| <30 | 15 (83.3) | 37 (97.4) | 1 (reference) | — | ||
| ≥30 | 3 (16.7) | 1 (2.6) | 1.17 (0.48-2.86) | .73 | ||
| Systolic pressure, n (%) | ||||||
| <140 mm Hg | 16 (88.9) | 35 (92.1) | 1 (reference) | — | ||
| ≥140 mm Hg | 2 (11.1) | 3 (7.9) | 1.28 (0.41-4.02) | .68 | ||
| Ventilation (vs non) | 2 (11.1) | 5 (13.2) | 0.88 (0.25-3.02) | .83 | ||
| Proportion of pneumonia volume, median | 17.6 | 20.3 | 0.98 (0.94-1.02) | .28 | ||
| Laboratory findings | ||||||
| pH, n (%) | ||||||
| 7.35-7.45 | 4 (22.2) | 12 (31.6) | 1 (reference) | — | ||
| >7.45 | 14 (77.8) | 26 (65.8) | 1.44 (0.56-3.70) | .45 | ||
| PaCO2e, n (%) | ||||||
| 34-45 mm Hg | 9 (50.0) | 21 (55.3) | 1 (reference) | — | ||
| ≤34 mm Hg | 8 (44.4) | 17 (44.7) | 1.07 (0.48-2.35) | .87 | ||
| PaO2f, n (%) | ||||||
| ≥60 mm Hg | 14 (77.8) | 23 (60.5) | 1 (reference) | — | ||
| <60 mm Hg | 4 (22.2) | 15 (39.5) | 0.56 (0.21-1.46) | .23 | ||
| White blood cell count (×109/L)a, n (%) | ||||||
| <4 (univariate) | 7 (38.9) | 6 (16.2) | 2.21 (1.04-4.73) | .04 | ||
| <4 (multivariate) | — | — | 1.94 (0.97-3.86) | .06 | ||
| 4-10 | 9 (50.0) | 28 (75.7) | 1 (reference) | — | ||
| >10 (univariate) | 2 (11.1) | 3 (8.1) | 1.64 (0.49-5.54) | .42 | ||
| >10 (multivariate) | — | — | 1.37 (0.48-3.89) | .55 | ||
| Lymphocyte (×109), median | 0.8 | 0.8 | 2.18 (0.79-6.02) | .13 | ||
| Platelet (×109/L), n (%) | ||||||
| ≥100 | 16 (88.9) | 35 (94.6) | 1 (reference) | — | ||
| <100 | 2 (11.1) | 2 (5.4) | 1.59 (0.55-4.60) | .39 | ||
| Potassium, n (%) | ||||||
| 3.5-4.5 mmol/L | 14 (77.8) | 25 (67.6) | 1 (reference) | — | ||
| <3.5 mmol/L | 3 (16.7) | 11 (29.7) | 0.61 (0.21-1.82) | .38 | ||
| Sodium, n (%) | ||||||
| 135-145 mmol/L | 10 (55.6) | 20 (54.1) | 1 (reference) | — | ||
| <135 mmol/L | 8 (44.4) | 16 (43.2) | 1.00 (0.47-2.14) | >.99 | ||
| Albumin, n (%) | ||||||
| ≥40 g/L | 3 (17.6) | 4 (10.8) | 1 (reference) | — | ||
| <40 g/L | 14 (82.4) | 33 (89.2) | 0.70 (0.27-1.82) | .46 | ||
| Total bilirubin, n (%) | ||||||
| ≤17.1 μmol/L | 10 (55.6) | 27 (71.1) | 1 (reference) | — | ||
| >17.1 μmol/L | 8 (44.4) | 11 (28.9) | 1.56 (0.74-3.29) | .25 | ||
| Alanine aminotransferase, n (%) | ||||||
| ≤40 U/L | 13 (72.2) | 23 (60.5) | 1 (reference) | — | ||
| >40 U/L | 5 (27.8) | 15 (39.5) | 0.69 (0.29-1.66) | .41 | ||
| Creatine kinase, n (%) | ||||||
| ≤200 U/L | 13 (81.2) | 28 (75.7) | 1 (reference) | — | ||
| >200 U/L | 3 (18.8) | 9 (24.3) | 0.67 (0.27-2.32) | .79 | ||
| High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T, n (%) | ||||||
| ≤0.014 ng/mL | 9 (90.0) | 19 (86.4) | 1 (reference) | — | ||
| >0.014 ng/mL | 1 (10.0) | 3 (13.6) | 0.78 (0.13-4.62) | .78 | ||
| D-dimer, n (%) | ||||||
| ≤0.55 μg/L | 9 (81.8) | 15 (39.5) | 1 (reference) | — | ||
| >0.55 μg/L | 2 (18.2) | 23 (60.5) | 0.96 (0.40-2.33) | .93 | ||
| Procalcitonin, n (%) | ||||||
| ≤0.046 ng/ml | 8 (53.3) | 6 (16.7) | 1 (reference) | — | ||
| >0.046 ng/ml | 7 (46.7) | 30 (83.3) | 0.49 (0.23-1.05) | .07 | ||
| High-sensitivity C reaction protein (mg/L), median | 44.6 | 95.2 | 0.99 (0.98-1.00) | .07 | ||
aTwo variables (age, white blood cell count) were chosen for multivariable analysis.
bNot applicable.
cAPACHE: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation.
dSOFA: sequential organ failure assessment.
ePaCO2: arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide.
fPaO2: arterial partial pressure of oxygen.