TABLE 4.
Means (standard deviations) for the TD, MLD, RLD, and MRLD groups.
| TD (n = 168) |
MLD (n = 36) |
RLD (n = 42) |
MRLD (n = 16) |
|||||
| M (SD) | Min; Max | M (SD) | Min; Max | M (SD) | Min; Max | M (SD) | Min; Max | |
| Mathematics | 20.62 (7.36)a | 6; 41 | 9.34 (5.08)c | 2; 28 | 17.29 (7.49)b | 5; 34 | 9.63 (5.02)c | 3; 23 |
| Decoding | 53.04 (9.39)a | 32.5; 82 | 51.79 (9.56)a | 27.5; 72 | 36.69 (8.00)b | 24.5; 60 | 35.09 (8.20)b | 23; 59 |
| Fact retrieval | 126.34 (30.47)a | 53; 196 | 91.38 (26.70)b | 44; 174 | 106.51 (30.27)b | 49; 176 | 84.63 (33.87)b | 31; 156 |
| Number sense (ms) | ||||||||
| Symbolic | 1167.73 (259.64)a | 600.00; 2000.00 | 1195.47 (224.02)a | 851.24; 1774.18 | 1171.74 (192.13)a | 829.32; 1624.64 | 1474.71 (255.02)b | 847.03; 2000.00 |
| Non-symbolic | 1291.90 (300.28)a | 505.30; 2000.00 | 1042.07 (308.28)b | 500.00; 1683.57 | 1322.17 (283.27)a | 668.05; 2000.00 | 1323.19 (317.37)a | 888.98; 1728.29 |
| Working memory (p) | ||||||||
| Verbal | 0.58 (0.09)a | 0.30; 0.85 | 0.48 (0.15)b | 0.20; 0.80 | 0.51 (0.13)b | 0.20; 0.74 | 0.48 (0.08)b | 0.36; 0.62 |
| Visuospatial | 0.74 (0.12)a | 0.31; 0.99 | 0.69 (0.14)a | 0.30; 0.93 | 0.74 (0.12)a | 0.44; 0.96 | 0.68 (0.15)a | 0.35; 0.95 |
| Phonological awareness | ||||||||
| Deletion | 15.55 (2.51)a | 7; 18 | 14.12 (3.05)b | 7; 18 | 14.62 (2.30)ab | 9; 18 | 13.38 (2.13)b | 9; 17 |
| Spoonerism | 16.09 (4.21)a | 3; 24 | 13.12 (3.95)b | 3; 20 | 13.32 (4.55)b | 6; 22 | 12.38 (4.47)b | 6; 21 |
| Rapid naming (sec) | ||||||||
| Alphanumeric | 26.29 (4.45)a | 18.15; 38.27 | 25.31 (3.81)a | 15.79; 31.57 | 31.28 (6.14)b | 21.36; 44.63 | 31.10 (7.06)b | 20.45; 44.99 |
| Non-alphanumeric | 45.98 (6.62)a | 32.27; 65.90 | 45.96 (6.58)a | 34.10; 61.00 | 50.35 (7.67)b | 34.54; 72.48 | 53.63 (9.57)b | 40.20; 72.53 |
| Nonverbal reasoning | 41.11 (6.56)a | 20; 54 | 33.41 (6.31)b | 20; 44 | 39.85 (5.85)a | 28; 51 | 33.53 (5.88)b | 23; 42 |
Note that group means with different superscripts are different (BF > 3). Bayesian ANOVA was employed to assess group differences.