Table 2.

Examples of Self-Initiated Versus Other-Initiated Behavior Change Approaches

Target process	Self-initiated strategies	Other-initiated strategies
Situation	Setting an alarm for going to bed at the same time each night; packing healthy snacks to bring to work; keeping cell phone in a drawer to avoid disruptions during work day	Making fresh fruit available in common areas; offering free flu shots; providing fluoride rinse in bathrooms; cash bonuses for reaching step count targets
Attention	Keeping a food log; monitoring sleep quality using an activity tracker; looking away from desserts in the cafeteria	Sending text messages or emails reminding employees to eat healthy; posters reminding employees that it’s flu shot season
Appraisal	Thinking about smoking as inconsistent with company’s mission; thinking about exercise during the workday as a way to enhance overall job performance	Publicizing injunctive norms: 90% of your coworkers hope you get your flu shot ASAP; emphasizing prosocial aspects of behavior change: Washing your hands for 20 seconds helps your coworkers stay healthy
Response	Using willpower to resist ordering a cheeseburger and fries at lunch	Banning smoking
Shortcut	Having a personal rule: I always take 10,000 steps per day	Instilling the custom: Each November, we all participate in a charity walkathon