Table I.
Clinical Characteristics and Basic Echocardiographic Measurements
| Control (n = 25) | Holosystolic MVP (n = 25) | Late systolic MVP (n = 20) | P (ANOVA or chi-square test) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 58 ± 9 | 65 ± 9 | 61 ± 10 | 0.07 |
| Height (cm) | 163 ± 9 | 165 ± 11 | 167 ± 9 | 0.22 |
| Weight (kg) | 60 ± 11 | 61 ± 12 | 58 ± 11 | 0.61 |
| BSA (m2) | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 0.80 |
| Barlow type MVP | 0 / 25 | 0 / 25 | 17 / 20*† | < 0.001 |
| Gender (male/female) | 17 / 8 | 14 / 11 | 12 / 8 | 0.42 |
| Heart Rate (bpm) | 65 ± 9 | 71 ± 13 | 64 ± 12 | 0.11 |
| Rhythm (Sinus/AF) | 25 / 0 | 25 / 0 | 19 / 1 | 0.36 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 127 ± 17 | 139 ± 21 | 136 ± 18 | 0.11 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 74 ± 13 | 78 ± 13 | 77 ± 13 | 0.58 |
| LVEDV (mL/m2) | 62 ± 10 | 103 ± 25† | 97 ± 30† | < 0.001 |
| LVESV (mL/m2) | 23 ± 5 | 43 ± 11† | 42 ± 14† | < 0.001 |
| EF (%) | 63 ± 6 | 58 ± 4† | 57 ± 5† | < 0.001 |
| SV (ml/m2) | 40 ± 7 | 37 ± 5 | 39 ± 6 | 0.32 |
| LA volume (mL/m2) | 24 ± 8 | 60 ± 28† | 49 ± 16*† | < 0.001 |
| VC width (OS) (mm/m2) | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 3.8 ± 1.5† | 0.9 ± 0.9* | < 0.001 |
| VC width (ES) (mm/m2) | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 3.9 ± 1.3† | 3.2 ± 1.1† | < 0.001 |
| ΔVC width (mm/m2) | −0.1 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.9†* | < 0.001 |
| MR volume (mL/m2) | 1 ± 1 | 23 ± 7† | 16 ± 6*† | < 0.001 |
| MV superior shift (mm/m2) | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 1.5†* | < 0.001 |
| MV annulus area (OS) (cm2/m2) | 4.5 ± 0.9 | 5.7 ± 1.0† | 6.8 ± 2.5† | < 0.001 |
| MV annulus area (ES) (cm2/m2) | 4.3 ± 0.8 | 5.7 ± 0.9† | 8.4 ± 3.1†* | < 0.001 |
| ΔMV annulus area (cm2/m2) | −0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 0.8†* | < 0.001 |
| Superior PM shift (mm/m2) | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 4.6 ± 1.6†* | < 0.001 |
| MV annulus inferior shift (mm/m2) | 6.1 ± 1.0 | 6.7 ± 1.1 | 6.9 ± 1.3 | 0.10 |
| MV leaflet length (OS) (mm/m2) | ||||
| AML + PML | 19.9 ± 2.8 | 23.7 ± 4.6† | 27.2 ± 5.2† | < 0.001 |
| AML | 12.8 ± 2.7 | 12.9 ± 4.7 | 14.2 ± 4.8 | 0.56 |
| PML | 7.1 ± 1.6 | 10.8 ± 2.5† | 12.9 ± 3.9† | < 0.001 |
| MV leaflet length (ES) (mm/m2) | ||||
| AML + PML | 19.6 ± 2.8 | 24.3 ± 4.4† | 29.6 ± 5.1†* | < 0.001 |
| AML | 12.4 ± 2.4 | 13.3 ± 4.5 | 15.5 ± 4.7 | 0.07 |
| PML | 7.2 ± 1.7 | 11.1 ± 2.7† | 14.2 ± 3.7†* | < 0.001 |
| ΔAML + PML length (mm/m2) | −0.3 ± 1.2 | 0.6 ± 2.0† | 2.5 ± 1.4†* | < 0.001 |
| MV coaptation (OS) (mm/m2) | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 1.2† | 4.0 ± 1.2†* | < 0.001 |
| MV coaptation (ES) (mm/m2) | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 1.1† | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 0.05 |
| ΔMV coaptation (mm/m2) | −0.5 ± 0.4 | −0.1 ± 0.6 | −2.6 ± 0.9†* | < 0.001 |
| PM tip to MV tip length (OS) (mm/m2) | 12.6 ± 2.1 | 14.0 ± 2.6 | 14.4 ± 2.7 | 0.07 |
| PM tip to MV tip length (ES) (mm/m2) | 12.6 ± 2.1 | 13.9 ± 2.5 | 14.6 ± 2.6 | 0.05 |
| ΔPM tip to MV tip length (mm/m2) | 0.1 ± 0.5 | −0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.08 |
Values are the mean ± SD. AF indicates atrial fibrillation; AML, anterior mitral leaflet; BP, blood pressure; bpm, beat per minute; EF, ejection fraction; ES, end systole; LA, left atrium; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; MR, mitral regurgitation; MV, mitral valve; MVP, mitral valve prolapse; OS, onset of systole; PM, papillary muscle; PML, posterior mitral leaflet; SV, stroke volume; and VC, vena contracta.
*
P < 0.05 versus holo-systolic MVP and
†
P < 0.05 versus control.