Table 2. Subgroup analyses for studies on anxiety.
| Subgroup analysis | No. of studies | Prevalence % (95% CI) | I2 | Between-group difference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region | East Asia | 40 | 20.5 (15.7–25.8) | 99.6% | |
| Middle-East | 7 | 28.9 (21.6–36.8) | 96.4% | ||
| Europe | 4 | 23.9 (19.6–28.4) | 82.9% | ||
| South Asia | 3 | 21.0 (11.7–31.4) | -b | ||
| North America | 2a | 14.8 (13.9–15.7) | - | ||
| p<0.001 | |||||
| Sampling method | Non-random | 52 | 23.8 (19.7–28.1) | 99.4% | |
| Random | 5 | 7.9 (4.4–12.3) | 94.0% | ||
| p<0.001 | |||||
| Screening tool | GAD-7 | 29 | 20.8 (17.2–24.7) | 98.7% | |
| SAS | 9 | 10.1 (5.6–15.6) | 98.6% | ||
| DASS-21 | 6 | 27.0 (16.1–39.4) | 98.8% | ||
| HADS | 3 | 32.0 (10.8–58.1) | - | ||
| GAD-2 | 3 | 22.1 (10.1–37.2) | - | ||
| PHQ-4 | 2 | 24.1 (20.6–27.7) | - | ||
| HAMA | 2 | 26.8 (25.0–28.8) | - | ||
| p<0.001 | |||||
| Contact with infected patients | >50% | 15 | 25.7 (17.4–34.9) | 98.8% | |
| ≤50% | 12 | 17.4 (14.5–20.4) | 96.2% | ||
| p = 0.06c | |||||
Abbreviation: DASS = Depression Anxiety Stress Scales; GAD = Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HAMA = Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; PHQ = Patient Health Questionnaire; SAS = Zung’s Self-Rating Anxiety Scale
aOnly subgroups with two or more included studies are presented
bI2 statistic provided for subgroups with four or more included studies
cBorderline significance