Table 6.

Emerging themes about challenges experienced in online teaching during COVID-19 (n = 182)

Themes	Exemplary quote
Technology (n = 60)	“Not familiar with applying technology in online teaching”
Student supervision (n = 57)	“It’s difficult to supervise students in time”
Student management (n = 23)	“How to control students’ behaviour online?”
Studying outcome (n = 18)	“The gap between students who are self-disciplinary and not was enlarged”
Engaging with students (n = 19)	“It’s easy for student to lose their attention”
Workload (n = 13)	“Too much time spent on restructure the lesson online”