Table 1.
The effects of valsartan, Trolox, NAC, ALA, captopril, aminoguanidine, or metformin addition to BSA + glucose solution on protein oxidation, glycooxidation, and antioxidant activity.
| BSA | BSA + Glu | BSA + Glu + valsartan | BSA + Glu + Trolox | BSA + Glu + NAC | BSA + Glu + ALA | BSA + Glu + captopril | BSA + Glu + aminoguanidine | BSA + Glu + metformin | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protein oxidation | |||||||||
| Total thiols | 108 ± 5.50 | 100 | 103 ± 2.20 | 109 ± 4.30∗ | 119 ± 0.95∗∗∗∗ | 105 ± 1.10∗∗ | 110 ± 7.90 | 116 ± 4.50∗∗ | 102 ± 1.20 |
| PC | 68 ± 3.30∗∗∗∗ | 100 | 84 ± 3.00∗∗∗ | 101 ± 2.70 | 76 ± 2.10∗∗∗∗ | 69 ± 1.80∗∗∗∗ | 78 ± 3.70∗∗∗ | 77 ± 5.50∗∗ | 98 ± 1.40 |
| AOPP | 66 ± 0.92∗∗∗∗ | 100 | 79 ± 1.50∗∗∗∗ | 66 ± 2.80∗∗∗∗ | 76 ± 3.20∗∗∗ | 76 ± 1.20∗∗∗∗ | 77 ± 3.00∗∗∗ | 68 ± 1.60∗∗∗∗ | 97 ± 1.70 |
| Protein glycooxidation | |||||||||
| Tryptophan | 127 ± 3.10∗∗∗ | 100 | 114 ± 2.20∗∗∗ | 132 ± 6.30∗∗∗ | 132 ± 6.30∗∗∗∗ | 137 ± 1.60∗∗∗∗ | 146 ± 0.43∗∗∗∗ | 125 ± 3.40∗∗∗ | 121 ± 2.00∗∗∗∗ |
| Kynurenine | 67 ± 0.35∗∗∗∗ | 100 | 70 ± 1.80∗∗∗∗ | 64 ± 0.38∗∗∗∗ | 71 ± 1.70∗∗∗∗ | 75 ± 1.60∗∗∗∗ | 72 ± 2.00∗∗∗∗ | 56 ± 1.30∗∗∗∗ | 79 ± 4.30∗∗ |
| N-Formylkynurenine | 66 ± 1.30∗∗∗∗ | 100 | 71 ± 3.00∗∗∗∗ | 65 ± 2.20∗∗∗∗ | 82 ± 0.38∗∗∗∗ | 80 ± 0.93∗∗∗∗ | 72 ± 0.44∗∗∗∗ | 44 ± 2.40∗∗∗∗ | 65 ± 2.60∗∗∗∗ |
| Dityrosine | 52 ± 5.90∗∗∗ | 100 | 55 ± 2.00∗∗∗∗ | 70 ± 1.60∗∗∗∗ | 51 ± 4.80∗∗∗∗ | 55 ± 5.20∗∗∗ | 68 ± 2.70∗∗∗∗ | 50 ± 5.40∗∗∗∗ | 90 ± 3.30∗∗ |
| Albumin glycation | |||||||||
| Amyloid-β structure | 79 ± 1.50∗∗∗∗ | 100 | 89 ± 1.30∗∗∗ | 81 ± 0.91∗∗∗∗ | 79 ± 2.00∗∗∗∗ | 82 ± 0.87∗∗∗∗ | 81 ± 1.50∗∗∗∗ | 68 ± 0.45∗∗∗∗ | 100 ± 1.50 |
| Fructosamine | 56 ± 2.40∗∗∗∗ | 100 | 56 ± 1.20∗∗∗∗ | 71 ± 1.70∗∗∗∗ | 61 ± 5.10∗∗∗ | 63 ± 4.40∗∗∗ | 67 ± 2.30∗∗∗∗ | 67 ± 2.00∗∗∗∗ | 85 ± 2.10∗∗∗ |
| AGE | 74 ± 0.82∗∗∗∗ | 100 | 73 ± 1.90∗∗∗∗ | 72 ± 0.83∗∗∗∗ | 72 ± 1.2∗∗∗ | 74 ± 1.6∗∗∗∗ | 82 ± 1.60∗∗∗ | 70 ± 0.56∗∗∗∗ | 89 ± 3.20 |
| Albumin antioxidant activity | |||||||||
| TAC | 122 ± 2.70∗∗∗ | 100 | 107 ± 2.90∗ | 102 ± 3.30 | 114 ± 2.40∗∗∗ | 105 ± 3.70 | 99 ± 6.30 | 110 ± 4.10∗ | 103 ± 3.70 |
| DPPH | 118 ± 2.10∗∗∗ | 100 | 109 ± 1.80∗∗ | 109 ± 0.14∗∗∗∗ | 128 ± 1.40∗∗∗∗ | 115 ± 4.30∗∗ | 111 ± 1.70∗∗∗ | 111 ± 2.20∗∗ | 104 ± 3.70 |
| FRAP | 123 ± 3.20∗∗∗ | 100 | 105 ± 2.00∗ | 113 ± 1.80∗∗∗ | 122 ± 2.30∗∗∗∗ | 111 ± 2.70∗∗ | 114 ± 0.80∗∗∗∗ | 113 ± 0.37∗∗∗∗ | 102 ± 1.10 |
Abbreviations: AGE: advanced glycation end products; ALA: alpha-lipoic acid; AOPP: advanced oxidation protein products; BSA: bovine serum albumin; DPPH: 2,2-di-phenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity; FRAP: ferric reducing antioxidant power; Glu: glucose; NAC: N-acetylcysteine; PC: protein carbonyls; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; ∗p < 0.05 vs.control; ∗∗p < 0.01 vs. control; ∗∗∗p < 0.001 vs. control; ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001 vs. control.