Table 4.
The effects of valsartan, Trolox, NAC, ALA, captopril, aminoguanidine, or metformin addition to BSA + glyoxal solution on protein oxidation, glycooxidation, and antioxidant activity.
| BSA | BSA + GO | BSA + GO + valsartan | BSA + GO + Trolox | BSA + GO + NAC | BSA + GO + ALA | BSA + GO + captopril | BSA + GO + aminoguanidine | BSA + GO + metformin | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protein oxidation | |||||||||
| Total thiols | 123 ± 2.80∗∗∗ | 100 | 103 ± 1.40∗ | 108 ± 3.00∗ | 118 ± 3.40∗∗∗ | 98 ± 2.70 | 114 ± 3.70∗∗ | 114 ± 3.70∗∗ | 102 ± 1.30∗ |
| PC | 64 ± 1.10∗∗∗∗ | 100 | 68 ± 2.20∗∗∗∗ | 89 ± 2.80∗∗ | 56 ± 4.10∗∗∗∗ | 85 ± 5.40∗∗ | 67 ± 1.40∗∗∗∗ | 67 ± 1.40∗∗∗∗ | 86 ± 2.80∗∗∗ |
| AOPP | 32 ± 2.00∗∗∗∗ | 100 | 40 ± 1.60∗∗∗∗ | 52 ± 3.50∗∗∗∗ | 32 ± 4.10∗∗∗∗ | 41 ± 4.00∗∗∗∗ | 50 ± 1.60∗∗∗∗ | 33 ± 2.40∗∗∗∗ | 64 ± 1.70∗∗∗∗ |
| Protein glycooxidation | |||||||||
| Tryptophan | 126 ± 1.30∗∗∗∗ | 100 | 113 ± 1.50∗∗∗ | 126 ± 3.40∗∗∗ | 113 ± 1.90∗∗∗ | 111 ± 2.80∗∗ | 112 ± 5.00∗ | 107 ± 1.60∗∗ | 103 ± 1.70∗ |
| Kynurenine | 65 ± 3.60∗∗∗∗ | 100 | 83 ± 2.20∗∗∗ | 82 ± 1.90∗∗∗∗ | 78 ± 2.00∗∗∗∗ | 96 ± 2.90 | 75 ± 4.30∗∗∗ | 62 ± 0.40∗∗∗∗ | 98 ± 0.48∗∗ |
| N-Formylkynurenine | 16 ± 2.30∗∗∗∗ | 100 | 42 ± 2.80∗∗∗∗ | 47 ± 3.60∗∗∗∗ | 38 ± 1.60∗∗∗∗ | 59 ± 2.20∗∗∗∗ | 37 ± 4.50∗∗∗∗ | 36 ± 3.00∗∗∗∗ | 65 ± 3.90∗∗∗ |
| Dityrosine | 25 ± 1.20∗∗∗∗ | 100 | 72 ± 1.50∗∗∗∗ | 55 ± 2.30∗∗∗∗ | 46 ± 1.40∗∗∗∗ | 68 ± 1.00∗∗∗∗ | 42 ± 0.78∗∗∗∗ | 26 ± 2.20∗∗∗∗ | 68 ± 1.70∗∗∗∗ |
| Albumin glycation | |||||||||
| Amyloid-β structure | 69 ± 0.72∗∗∗∗ | 100 | 71 ± 1.80∗∗∗∗ | 68 ± 0.79∗∗∗∗ | 66 ± 1.50∗∗∗∗ | 75 ± 1.80∗∗∗∗ | 62 ± 1.30∗∗∗∗ | 63 ± 1.90∗∗∗∗ | 83 ± 1.80∗∗∗∗ |
| Fructosamine | 66 ± 2.60∗∗∗∗ | 100 | 87 ± 2.90∗∗ | 92 ± 4.30∗ | 75 ± 3.40∗∗∗ | 86 ± 2.70∗∗∗ | 76 ± 2.60∗∗∗∗ | 85 ± 3.20∗∗ | 95 ± 3.40 |
| AGE | 23 ± 2.00∗∗∗∗ | 100 | 52 ± 1.60∗∗∗∗ | 68 ± 5.00∗∗∗ | 40 ± 1.80∗∗∗∗ | 61 ± 1.80∗∗∗∗ | 37 ± 4.80∗∗∗∗ | 35 ± 3.40∗∗∗∗ | 47 ± 3.20∗∗∗∗ |
| Albumin antioxidant activity | |||||||||
| TAC | 154 ± 7.20∗∗∗ | 100 | 116 ± 3.70∗∗ | 108 ± 0.97∗∗∗ | 156 ± 3.00∗∗∗∗ | 119 ± 2.30∗∗∗ | 108 ± 3.10∗ | 133 ± 4.20∗∗∗ | 111 ± 3.00∗∗ |
| DPPH | 152 ± 2.00∗∗∗∗ | 100 | 115 ± 2.10∗∗∗ | 128 ± 8.40∗∗ | 146 ± 3.50∗∗∗∗ | 130 ± 2.90∗∗∗∗ | 110 ± 6.80 | 133 ± 2.70∗∗∗∗ | 105 ± 1.40∗∗ |
| FRAP | 159 ± 5.50∗∗∗∗ | 100 | 118 ± 2.30∗∗∗ | 104 ± 5.30 | 117 ± 1.10∗∗∗∗ | 107 ± 1.00∗∗∗ | 88 ± 2.30∗∗∗ | 124 ± 2.40∗∗∗∗ | 78 ± 7.00∗∗ |
Abbreviations: AGE: advanced glycation end products; ALA: alpha-lipoic acid; AOPP: advanced oxidation protein products; BSA: bovine serum albumin; DPPH: 2,2-di-phenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity; FRAP: ferric reducing antioxidant power; GO: glyoxal; NAC: N-acetylcysteine; PC: protein carbonyls; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; ∗p < 0.05 vs. control; ∗∗p < 0.01 vs. control; ∗∗∗p < 0.001 vs. control; ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001 vs. control.