Table 4.
Population description according to the identified coronary artery calcium volume cut-off value (= 335.48).
| CAC ≤ cut-off (N = 868) | CAC > cut-off (N = 225) | Overall (N = 1093) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age - median [IQR] | 64.00 [56.00, 73.00] | 77.00 [71.00, 83.00] | 68.00 [58.00, 76.00] | <0.001 |
| Gender, male (%) | 569 (66.0) | 173 (76.9) | 742 (68.3) | 0.002 |
| BMI (median [IQR]) | 26.85 [24.13, 29.40] | 26.74 [23.96, 29.38] | 26.85 [24.11, 29.39] | 0.825 |
| Arterial hypertension (%) | 429 (50.2) | 161 (72.5) | 590 (54.8) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 119 (13.9) | 59 (26.6) | 178 (16.5) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease (%) | 31 (5.4) | 18 (14.2) | 49 (7.0) | 0.002 |
| Chronic coronary artery disease (%) | 19 (3.6) | 25 (18.7) | 44 (6.6) | <0.001 |
| Previous CABG (%) | 4 (0.8) | 11 (8.6) | 15 (2.3) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral artery disease (%) | 27 (3.2) | 28 (12.6) | 55 (5.1) | <0.001 |
| Chronic lung disease (%) | 70 (8.2) | 37 (16.7) | 107 (10.0) | <0.001 |
| Active malignancy (%) | 34 (4.0) | 17 (7.7) | 51 (4.7) | 0.032 |
| Laboratory data at admission | ||||
| Hemoglobin (mg/dl) - median [IQR] | 13.90 [12.50, 14.90] | 13.30 [12.00, 14.40] | 13.80 [12.40, 14.80] | <0.001 |
| White blood cells/mm3 - median [IQR] | 6620.00 [4900.00, 9290.00] | 7250.00 [5427.50, 11337.50] | 6730.00 [5000.00, 9667.50] | 0.002 |
| Creatinine mg/dl - median [IQR] | 0.96 [0.79, 1.19] | 1.13 [0.92, 1.54] | 0.99 [0.81, 1.24] | <0.001 |
| TnI HS ng/L- median [IQR] | 10.00 [5.30, 28.50] | 15.00 [9.80, 48.00] | 11.20 [6.00, 31.65] | 0.022 |
| LDH mg/dl- median [IQR] | 369.00 [272.75, 497.00] | 368.00 [272.50, 472.75] | 369.00 [272.25, 491.00] | 0.693 |
| CPR mg/L- median [IQR] | 11.66 [5.43, 20.16] | 10.90 [5.29, 19.86] | 11.55 [5.40, 20.11] | 0.615 |
| Laboratory during the hospitalization | ||||
| IL-6 pg/ml - median [IQR] | 55.50 [22.30, 236.00] | 82.05 [39.03, 186.53] | 60.20 [24.80, 233.00] | 0.203 |
| D-dimer ng/ml - median [IQR] | 1.76 [0.73, 5.39] | 2.18 [0.97, 4.24] | 1.85 [0.77, 5.33] | 0.376 |
| Radiological findings | ||||
| Calcifications present (%) | 509 (58.6) | 225 (100.0) | 734 (67.2) | <0.001 |
| Number of calcified coronary artery - median [IQR] | 1.00 [0.00, 2.00] | 3.00 [3.00, 3.00] | 1.00 [0.00, 3.00] | <0.001 |
| TAC Agatston - mean (SD) | 1287.34 (2957.15) | 6648.70 (5677.91) | 2379.38 (4262.79) | <0.001 |
| TAC calcium volume (mm3)- mean (SD) | 1042.83 (2306.75) | 5380.02 (4479.02) | 1926.25 (3370.72) | <0.001 |
| AVC Agatston - mean (SD) | 86.26 (247.78) | 429.94 (431.50) | 155.50 (324.67) | <0.001 |
| AVC Volume (mm3) - mean (SD) | 76.59 (217.55) | 400.14 (408.06) | 141.78 (296.76) | <0.001 |
| TTC - median [IQR] | 224.38 [21.20, 1051.87] | 5146.77 [2726.08, 12412.07] | 503.77 [44.58, 2684.59] | <0.001 |
| Lung involvement | ||||
| Well aerated lung volume (cm3)- mean (SD) | 2387.35 (1377.13) | 2382.45 (1275.55) | 2386.34 (1356.24) | 0.962 |
| Pneumonia scoring (%) | 0.963 | |||
| Absent | 13 (1.5) | 3 (1.3) | 16 (1.5) | |
| <25% | 252 (29.1) | 67 (29.8) | 319 (29.2) | |
| 25–50% | 404 (46.6) | 101 (44.9) | 505 (46.2) | |
| 50–75% | 170 (19.6) | 45 (20.0) | 215 (19.7) | |
| >75% | 28 (3.2) | 9 (4.0) | 37 (3.4) | |
| Left pleural effusion (mm)- mean (SD) | 1.13 (3.51) | 2.08 (4.55) | 1.33 (3.77) | 0.001 |
| Right pleural effusion (mm) - mean (SD) | 1.37 (4.48) | 2.77 (6.07) | 1.66 (4.88) | <0.001 |
| Pericardial effusion (mm)- mean (SD) | 0.20 (0.88) | 0.37 (1.17) | 0.24 (0.95) | 0.016 |
| In-hospital complications | ||||
| MACCE (%) | 0.386 | |||
| None | 321 (84.9) | 72 (84.7) | 393 (84.9) | |
| Cerebral stroke | 10 (2.6) | 2 (2.4) | 12 (2.6) | |
| Acute coronary syndrome | 3 (0.8) | 3 (3.5) | 6 (1.3) | |
| Pulmonary Embolism | 36 (9.5) | 7 (8.2) | 43 (9.3) | |
| Peripheral embolism | 8 (2.1) | 1 (1.2) | 9 (1.9) | |
| In-hospital outcomes | ||||
| Hospitalization <24 h (%) | 25 (2.9) | 0 (0.0) | 25 (2.3) | 0.005 |
| Hospitalization without oxygen support (%) | 58 (6.7) | 8 (3.6) | 66 (6.0) | 0.085 |
| Hospitalization with oxygen support (%) | 249 (28.7) | 63 (28.0) | 312 (28.5) | 0.869 |
| Hospitalization with NIV (%) | 162 (18.7) | 32 (14.2) | 194 (17.7) | 0.142 |
| Orotracheal intubation (%) | 136 (15.7) | 19 (8.4) | 155 (14.2) | 0.005 |
| In-hospital death (%) | 125 (14.4) | 86 (38.2) | 211 (19.3) | <0.001 |
| Death after orotracheal intubation (%) | 27 (3.1) | 9 (4.0) | 36 (3.3) | 0.529 |
IQR = interquartile range, SD = standard deviation, LDH = Lactate dehydrogenase, CPR = c-protein reactive, MACCE = major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events; Tni-HS = high-sensitivity troponin I, NIV = noninvasive ventilation, CAC = coronary artery calcium, TAC = thoracic aorta calcium, AVC = Aortic Valve Calcium.